VISUAL AESTHETIC STUDY BASED ON BUILDING FORM AND MASSING ORGANIZATION CRITERIA ALONG SURAMADU BRIDGE CORRIDOR, SURABAYA

The existence of Suramadu bridge accelerates transition of building functions, into the function which is economically more valuable. Buildings along this corridor are experiencing visual disharmony order. Therefore, street picture along the corridor should be reorganized to provide visual aesthetic. The purpose of the study is to identify the criteria of building form and massing organization along the corridor in question to achieve better visual aesthetic. This study uses descriptive qualitative method, through exploration of existing data, literatures, stakeholders and users interview, questionnaires, and photographic records. Purposive sampling method is also used to collect samples of stakeholders opinion through interview and questionnaires. As supporting data, samples of users questionnaires are obtained using quota sampling method. After being gathered, the data are systematically analyzed using Delphi analysis techniques. Through these methods, comprehensive criteria required in organizing building form and massing could be established. The results will hopefully be able to accommodate visual aesthetic experience for observers and users at the study area.


INTRODUCTION
Urban design involves the design of building configuration, spatial, and relationship between buildings & formed spaces. Urban design, in general, pays more attention to physical form of the cities which creates built environment providing image and good visual quality for users (Zahnd, 2006). A good visual quality experience for users is implemented by combining design elements and building layout, building form and massing that will provide impacts on visual, psychological, aesthetic, and building intensity (Widyawati, 2003). The appearance of the physical environment is not simply an abstract of aesthetic phenomenon, it does matter and the perceived quality depends on the evaluations of those who regularly experience it (Sanoff, 1991in Gjerde, 2010.

Background
The existence of Suramadu bridge accelerates transformation of building function along Kedung Cowek corridor into the function which is economically more valuable. In fact, buildings along the corridor are experiencing visual disharmony. As the entrance to the city, the existing spaces should be designed to engage urban visual elements by enhancing aesthetic quality of the city, establishing it as the city point of view, and providing societies awareness and prestige (Bararatin, 2010). However, the current condition is just the opposite.
Lack of attention in visual quality along the entrance corridor leads to visual disharmony and ruining scenes of the corridor mentioned. On the other hand, Kedung Cowek street is the path towards a prestigious area to be built in Madura. It is necessary that the corridor is prepared to support the plan. Therefore, the street picture along the corridor should be reorganized to provide visual aesthetic in sequential way, especially for moving observers (from car driver perspective). From figure above, it can be seen that buildings along the corridor have different building height and proportion. Generally, the buildings have 1-3 floors. On the other hand, building proportion may be observed by its height and its position from frontage road. At the study area, goods and services (commercial) buildings have various building setback from frontage road, as well as housings and warehouses. Commercial buildings and housings located 0-3 meters from frontage road. Meanwhile, warehouses situated approximately 10 meters from it, to accomodate vehicles circulation inside the building site.
Building function along the corridor is also changing very quickly, especially at the entry point of Kedung Cowek street. Example of the transformation mentioned above is located at the east corridor entrance. A plot of vacant land and a plot of 1 floor-height housing are changed into 3-floor-height commercial building. The alteration can be seen on the following figure.

Research Variables
Variables are needed to control the research process include the following: A common application of buildings height and size, also their elements, so the buildings along the corridor have complementary unity to each other.
Ratio of the road width is 2-3 times the building height to creates impression of spatial.
Facade treatment among buildings along the corridor.

Sampling Methods
To carry out appropiate criteria of building form and massing organization along the corridor, data collection needs to be conducted at the first place. Phases in data collection in the study are divided into several stages, include the following: Planning, and so on). The selected respondents are examined to indicate the character of population, so that it is necessary to do stakeholders mapping. It is useful for determining the priority of competent stakeholders involved in the study. The interview using purposive sampling method, which is a method of a direct determination of respondents, who are considered experts or stakeholders in accordance to the discussion of the study. b. Structured and proportionate interview with the users/observers, as well as local people. They will be asked about their perception/impression and intention to the environment.

Questionnaires
Questionnaires are numbers of written questions to accumulate information from respondents in terms of personal statements, or things they know (Arikunto, 2006). This study uses closed questions questionnaires (structured and proportioned) to constrict the data results, so they will be easily sorted. The questionnaires use Guttman scale which gives a firm response on two alternative questions, such as agree-disagree, good-bad, and so on. There are questions about the close response of both answers that have been prepared on pre-determined variables. Then, the questionnaires are distributed to stakeholders and users. a. Questionnaires for stakeholders use purposive sampling method that has been explained before. b. Questionnaires for users/local residents use quota sampling method, which is a technique to determine a sample of population that has certain characteristics to desired number (quota). In the study, the data validity is fruited from 5% of the adult population in Kedung Cowek district. According to the Community Empowerment National Program 2010 year 4, the number of adult residents in the area is 3240 people. Therefore, the required quota is 162 people of total respondents. The users questionnaires results are needed as the stakeholders questionnaires results supporting data. Subsequently, they are compared to the results of the interview.

Photographic Records
Documentation is data collection through photos of existing study object and aerial views, to acquire real condition of the site. Documentation is illustration of the study object.

Analysis Method/Technique
The study uses delphi technique which is efficient in terms of time, money, and result possibility. It is because the stakeholders participate in exploring and exploiting their views on the topic. The implementation of the method contains principles, include: 1. Anonymity The stakeholders give their respond separately.

Iteration
Assessment of each stakeholder will be collected and shared back to all participated experts in two rounds of comments. Later, the results of the separated responses are presented to each other to get feedback.

Controlled Feedback
The assessment is communicated by making answer summary of the questions list. Any feedback and response from each respondent are noted systematically.

Expert Consensus
Stakeholders feedback and response formed the basis of the criteria.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Data exploration 1 is conducted to collect respondents information/opinions by questionnaires. In the study, presumption of building form and massing criteria i.e., aesthetics, complementary, definition, and facade.

Aesthetics
Based on data collection through interview and questionnaires, all of stakeholders consider that aesthetic variable is one of the criteria. One of stakeholder stated that before determining building aesthetic, its function needs to be classified due to the fact that each building function has its own aesthetic value. As supporting data, 83,95% of the users agree that building scale & proportion is the criteria, followed by point of interest with 79,62%, rhyme with 79,01%, unity 77,78%, and sequence with 67,28% votes.

Complementary
Based on data collection through interview and questionnaires, all of stakeholders agree that complementary variable is one of the criteria. Distinction of building elements application among the buildings are caused by ownership factor. Each building owner has different preference in accordance with their capability and desire. As supporting data, there are 63,58% of the users vote that it is one of the criteria.

Definition
Based on data collection through interview and questionnaires, all of stakeholders agree that variable of definition is one of the criteria. The variable could be the basis of building form and massing organization due to integrate road width and building proportion. One of stakeholder said that building function should be taken into consideration, because each building has different proportion and spatial requirements. As supporting data, there are 89,50% of the users concede that the variable is one of the criteria.

Facade
Based on data collection through interview and questionnaires, all of stakeholders agree that variable of facade is one of the criteria. Harmony of wall colors and material could be the standard to achieve organized building form and massing along the corridor. As supporting data, there are 79,62% of the users agree that it is one of the criteria.  After getting information from the respondents, researcher makes summary which contains variables of building form and massing organization criteria. Despite the fact that all of stakeholders agreement, it is not necessary to conduct exploration 2. The criteria can be applied for infill building or new buildings only. Because, it is not easy to apply the criteria mentioned above at the existing building due to each building owner authority. Therefore, owners of existing buildings could assign one of the criterias to their building lot.
Another way to make all of buildings along the corridor seems related to each other is by arrangement of street furniture based on the criteria. For example: pedestrian paths, vegetation, potteries, and street lamps, may be designed with the same color, pattern, size, and so on.
Here is a sample of the street picture design based on criteria mentioned above: