The Modelling Concept of Volume and Duration of Parking for Various Types of Landuse in Surabaya

 Both parking fee and parking tax are the potential income for most local authorities in Indonesia since they are considered as the parts of of local authority’s revenue (Pendapatan Asli Daerah, PAD). However, currently many local authorities including that in Surabaya has a problem in determining target as well as the achievement of annual parking revenue. This situation takes place due to the lack of reliable method to estimate the parking revenue including both parking fee and parking tax either on-street parking nor off-street parking. Meanwhile, there are growing investments of public and private facilities in many capital cities of both regency and provincy including apartments, hotels, malls, campus, hospitals, convention buildings, terminals, offices, restaurants and mixed uses in which many parking spaces will be provided to support their activities later on. The providing of new parking spaces will therefore potentially contribute to the local authorities’s revenue as the consequences. Main variable to contribute the parking revenue are the number of parked vehicle as well as the parking duration (when progressive tariff is applied). The concept of both number of parked vehicle and parking durations for several landuses will be introduced in this paper so that they can be elaborated more in depth as a mathematical model. Furthermore they can be used as references for estimating the anual parking revenue of local authotities as the part of local authorities revenue (PAD). Moreover, these models will be useful for parking facilities investors to analyse the their financial investment. Keywords Parking, Off-street, Landuses, Local Government’s Revenue (PAD), Surabaya.


I. INTRODUCTION
Current ly, parking supply and parking restriction are commonly used as the vehicle movement restriction (Darmaningtyas, 2011 andAucland Transport, 2016).On the other hand, parking activity is one of the potential local government's revenue especially for those having high car ownership as well as high economy activity.Eventhough, compared to other local tax components, parking revenue is not the biggest share (Arditia and Nuswantara, 2013).However, it is publicly known that in most of local governments in Indonesia, including Jakarta and Surabaya, the parking management of both on-street and off-street, in terms of revenue collected, is indicated as less than supposed to be obtained due to the absence of collecting system method especially parking revenue prediction tools.In example, in Surabaya, the target for annual parking revenue in 2014 is IDR 80 billion while the real income is only IDR 48 billions which is only 60% of the targeted revenue (Suarasurabaya.net, 2016).This low realisation parking revenue has lasted for long time period, it is can be proved by following records; according to Beritasurya (2012), the realisation percentage of on-street parking revenue in 2009 and 2010 are 65.5% and 51.73% respectively.Meanwhile, Hakim (2014) mentioned that the lost of parking revenue is 40%.Moreover, Arditia and Nuswantara mentioned that within the period of 2008-2011 the realisation of total parking tax is always below the target.The absence of system to predict the potential parking revenue due to this following reasons; first, the real number of parked vehicle is not yet recorded totally, second, in the real situation, the parking tariff per vehicle is not applied uniformly (higher parking fee is found), third, progressive tariff is applied in some facilities which make parking duration is important, fourth, there is no guidance regarding the collecting parking tax for both on-street and off-street parking, fifth, the variation of landuse influencing parking characteristic, sixth, the numerous non-registered parking facilities are identified due to the development of the city, seventh, many freeparking facilities in both goverment office and private facility still charge parking fee to users.Therefore, this paper will suggest the modelling concept of measuring the parking volume and parking duration for several landuses within the city so that they can be used as the input to predict the parking revenue of local authority.This parking model is expected to support the parking system revenue collecting of local authorities.
Additionally, by the existence of parking system collecting method, the parking operator and investor can make their financial planning accurately, while the local authority can easily predict their future income base on the existing and future parking facilities.Moreover, local authorities can eliminate or at least minimize the parking lost revenue (parking fee and parking tax) so that more fund for local income (bahasa: Pendapatan Asli Daerah, PAD) will be achieved.The flowchart of the conceptual idea is shown in Figure 1.
The goal of this paper is to suggest the concept of modelling parking volume as well as parkir duration of vehicles within various landuses (Hotel, Apartment, The Third International Conference on Civil Engineering Research (ICCER) August 1 st -2 nd 2017, Surabaya -Indonesia Mall, Campus, Hospital, Train Station, Restaurant, Convention building, Office, Mixed used) related to the parking performances including turnover, accumulation, index, dynamic capacity and operational characteristic (operational duration) as well as physical variables including number of parking space and parking area.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Currently, parking research is mainly discussing about the need of future parking space as well as the performance of such existing parking space.Sutapa, Suthanaya and Suweda (2008) create model of the need of parking space of mall in Denpasar Bali, while Widhiastuti et.al (2013) analyse the need of parking space of campus in Kalimantan.Moreover, Khalid and Hamsa (2013) discussed about the performance of park and ride at LRT Putra Jaya terminal and Kelana Jaya Station in Malaysia.
However, there are already some researchs discuss a little bit about the potential parking revenue as conducted by Kartika and Himawan (2013) in which the potential revenue of on-street parking in Surabaya is analysed eventhough in that research the discussion about the progressive parking tariff is neglected.Hidayah and Widyastuti (2014) discussed about the potential parking revenue of Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah for both onstreet and off-street parking.But this paper only discuss about one landuse only (market) with no discussion about the modelling and progressive tariff.While the revenue will depend on number of vehicle (volume) parked and parking duration if the progressive tariff applied.Therefore, it is important to have these two variables modelled.Here are summary of some research regarding parking facillities.

Parking as the Demand Restriction Instrument
The need of parking space is ussually design to meet the demand occured, while the demnd itself is calculated based on several variables depending on the type of landuses served.The new paradigm of parking space supply is as the instrument to limit the uses of vehicle itself as found in many developed country.However the restriction programme can not be a stand alone programme but it need to be supported with other mandatory programme i.e. the reliable alternative mode of transportation, in this case good public transport facilities (AT, 2016).In most developed countries, this paradigm, can cause the reduction of utilization of private vehicle in significant number (Darmaningtyas, 2011).
The Local authorities (AT, Auckland Transport) apply a policy focusing on how to reduce the duration as well as distribute thae peak hour more evenly in a day.The principles is applied in restriction process are as follow: 1.Consistent Pricing policy to limit visitation into CBD area, promoting public transport utilisation, restricting the peak hour trip and reducing traffic congestion.2. Priority to short time parking duration.3. When deciding the parking tariff, the approach will be consistent, simple, law-based, transparant and data-based.4. Using demand-responsive pricing and apply as low as possible tariff to achieve targeted occupancy.5. Guarantee the availability of short duration parking space need.6. Price-cut on off-peak parking tariff to reduce trips during peak hour so that the congestion can be reduced.7. Conducting Parking Special management to meet special event i.e. school holidays.

The Behaviour of Parking User
One of the research relating the parking behaviour in Surabaya is the research regarding the probability of choosing parking location for motorcyclist in Surabaya.In that reasearch, three options including on-street parking, garage parking, and lot parking are set.This reasearch use multinomial regression model as the tool to analyse.The result of the model are as follows: (Mudjanarko et.al.. 2013)

Analysis of Parking Performance and the Need of Parking Space
Many reasearchs on the need of parking space as well as their technical performances (duration, volume, dynamic capacity, index, turnover and capacity) are found, those involve different locations.Those are including Machsus and Mukafi (2011) with malls in Surabaya as the location, Sutapa, Suthanaya, and Suweda (2008) with malls in Denpasar as the location, Khalid and Hamsa (2013) with LRT station in Malaysia as the location, Widhiastuti, Priyadi and Akhmadi (2013) with the polytechnic campus in Pontianak as the location,

Economic and Financial aspect of Parking Facility
The research regarding the financial aspect of parking facility is relating to the potential on-street parking revenue in Surabaya is conducted by Kartika A.A.G and A. Himawan (2013) in which the model of potential parking revenue are shown below.Y=1746232x (if the parking tariff based on Local Law (bahasa: Perda) no.1/2009) (4) =2608238x (if the parking tariff based on the real charged which higher than stated in local law) (5) Y=2807819x (if the progressive parking tariff is applied) (6) where: Y : potential annual revenue (IDR/yr) x : the length of on-street parking available Additionally, Hidayah and Widyastuti (2014) analyse the difference parking revenue between the target and realisation of market building in Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah Kalimantan Selatan.While Rizki, Kosakoy and Joewono (2014) the willingness of students to pay parking fee in their campus.Samples are taken from both car user and motorcycle user at Parahyangan Chatolic and the attribute considered in the analysis are including parking duration and the availability of parking equipments.
Meanwhile, Mantecchini (2015) discuss about the decision making of the location future parking facility development of airport in Italia.The alternative locations is separated from the existed airport.The issues discussed here is that farther parking location will make the less passenger to use that parking facility.On the other hand farther location has some advantages including lower land price and less congested eventhough shuttle service must be provided as the consequences.The proving of shuttle service, in this case by using bus will be calculated as the additional cost and the shuttle service tariff will be calculated as the restriction.
The decision of best parking location based on the trade off between demand and operational cost of parking facility including shuttle bus.The method of  Different perspective regarding financial aspect of parking is shown by Arditia, R. dan D.A. Nuswantara (2013) in which the contribution as well as the efectiveness of local tax as the local revenue is analysed since parking tax is one of the local tax component.The contribution criteria is measured from Team of Litbang Depdagri-Fisipol UGM (1991) while the efectivenes is measured by standard value taken from Kepmendagri (Decree of Minister of Internal Affair Republic Indonesia) No. 690.900-327/1996.

Applied Technology in Parking service and operation
Many researchs regarding the applied technology of parking service and operation has been conducted, one of them is carried out by Birell et.al. (2015) discussing the impact of parking layout as well as driver behaviour to the position of wireless battery recharge aquipment when electrical car is used.The result shows that lateral position is better than longitudinal position in terms of accuracy of vehicle position.However, overall only 5% of vehicles is in their accurate position when they are recharged.
The other one is Renuka and Dhanalkshmi (2015) investigate the android based application to find vacant parking space together with the real time tariff accordingly.The finding process based on the slot allocation method while the payment method used is RFID (Radio Frequency Identification Device).Within this application, it is also possible to book available vacant parking space based on nearest location and the cheapest tariff.
Meanwhile, Banerjee and Al-Qaheri (2011) model the availability of parking space in small town, in this case Mauritius, in which they also develop software that can be installed in cell-phone so that parking user can easily find available parking space nearby.

Parking in Technical Point of Views
The technical performances of parking facilities according to Hobbs (1984)  Art 43 explain about base regulation regarding parking issues, one of them is that the public parking space is only possible to be installed outside ROW of road, however it is possible to installed parking facility within the the ROW of the road but this is can only be applied to either Regency (Bahasa: kabupaten) road or village (bahasa: desa) road.

B. Surabaya's Major Decree No. 37/2015 regarding
The Changing of Retribution for Parking Tariff The changing of retribution for paring tariff in city of Surabaya is regulated by Major Decree No 37/2015 which can be summarised in Tabel 1.

Parking performance analysis and type of landuses modelled
Before creating the model, the analysis of parking performance of each landuses must be carried out first.The parking performance analysis will include parking accumulation, parking volume, turnover parking, parking index, dynamic capacity and parking duration.They will cover these following types of landuses; mall, office, apartment, shopping-house, hotel, restaurant, hospital, station, convention building and mixed use.The analysis will be devided into two different group of day including weekday and weekend.

Model of Parking Performance (duration and volume) of each Landuse
As explained before that the number of parking revenue (retribution and parking tax) will depend on the two technical variables and the tariff of parking services.Those two technical variables are parking volume and parking duration.Since the tariff is only depending on the local authorities, therefore, these two variables will be model can not be applied when parking tariif is changed.Model developed based on the length of the parking facility on the street.
Various scenario of progressive tariff can not be accomodated the calculation of potential lost of revenue based on the different tariff between published official tariff and real tariff as well as only registered location is calculated the model for off-street parking is excluded No parking model based on the parking performance is created so that can be used for the future .4  Model developed based on the length of the parking facility on the street.
Various scenario of progressive tariff can not be accomodated Only discuss one landuse, in ths case market building.
No parking model based on the parking performance is created so that can be used for the future .The variable of parking space, operational hours and the area of building are not considered.Parkir dan Pembatasan Mobil To discuss parking facility as the instrument for trip restritcor No detail discussion about technical parking performance.The Third International Conference on Civil Engineering Research (ICCER) August 1 st -2 nd 2017, Surabaya -Indonesia modelled and used as the dependent variables.For volume model the independent variable will be turnover, index, dynamic capacity, average duration, accumulation as well as the physicaal variable (number of parking space and the area of building) and operational variable (operational hours).
Duration model will be in form of percentage of duration of each group of duration as the dependent variable to accomodate the progressive tariff that may occured, while the independent variable will be as follow; turnover, index, dynamic capacity, volume, accumulation as well as the physical variables (number of parking space and the area of building) and operational variable (operational hours).The independent and dependent variable for the model is summarised in Table 3. Regression of principal component will be used to create the models.
Based on Table 3 above the model made for each landuses, each landuses will have two model for weekdays and weekend.The bold independent variables (paking space, operational hours, area of building) can be easily identified while the others need to be found.By the existence of these models as well as the published official parking tariff, the local authority can easily predict the parking revenue annually so that the lost of parking revenue can be eliminated or at least can be minimised.

2 . 7
Parking in Legal Point of Views of IndonesiaA.Traffic and Transportation ActNo 22/1999 The Third International Conference on Civil Engineering Research (ICCER) August 1 st -2 nd 2017, Surabaya -Indonesia analysis is carried out by optimization of spplying parking space, parking tariff, and parking operational cost (finding parking space cost, shuttle bus cost wih specific headway, capacity and utilization factor).

Table 2 .
Summary of Research on Parking Facility

Table 3
Dependent Variabel and Independent Variable.