Analysis of Sea Border Transportation in Indonesia, Case Study: Crossing Between Indonesia and Philippines (Bitung – Davao City)

⎯ Indonesia as an archipelagic country consists of thousands of islands and has a large sea area so that the required mode of transportation is sea transportation as a means of mobility and driving national economic development. In addition, Indonesian waters serve as a liaison between cities, as well as between countries. As a border on the island of Sulawesi, the city of Bitung is a link between Indonesia and the city of Davao City in the Philippines. For all of this, security for shipping, especially at the border, is needed to support the smooth delivery of goods by using Ferry Ro/Ro ships so that sea transportation activities in general and trade and economic activities between the two countries can run smoothly because maritime safety greatly affects the continuation of development efforts. Keywords⎯Bitung, Crossing between Countries, Davao City, Indonesia, Philippines.


I. INTRODUCTION 1
Indonesi a as an archipelagic country consists of thousands of islands and has a large sea area so that the most needed mode of transportation is sea transportation as a means of mobility and driving national economic development. Transportation is the lifeblood of the economy of the Indonesian people and nation. Transportation development activities in Indonesia, especially sea transportation are increasing. This is the impact of economic activities and socio-cultural and community activities.
In addition, Indonesian waters are not only a liaison between cities and islands but also between countries. As a border on the island of Sulawesi, the city of Bitung is a link between Indonesia and the Philippines. For all of this, security is needed, especially for shipping in the territory of Indonesia because maritime safety greatly affects the continuation of development efforts, especially marine transportation activities.
Bitung Harbor is a port located on Jalan D.S Sumolang, Bitung City, North Sulawesi. It is the largest port in North Sulawesi, which is visited by passenger ships between major cities in Indonesia. The existence of Bitung Port is one of the important factors that encourage economic growth and development in North Sulawesi, apart from the plantation, agricultural, and fishery activities.
Sea transportation plays a very important role in maritime countries such as Indonesia, whose territory is Law no. 7 the year 2008 concerning shipping, in general provisions it is stated that shipping safety and security is a condition of fulfilling safety and security requirements concerning waters, ports, and the maritime environment. Therefore, all parties related to shipping activities must meet the requirements that have been set. Through concrete steps, compliance with shipping safety and security regulations will realize a high level of safety and security. Therefore, it is hoped that the guarantee of safety and security in the field of sea transportation can synergize the pattern of periodic supervision of the fulfillment of the safety and security aspects that have been determined. a) The fulfillment of safety and security requirements affecting transportation in waterways, ports, and the maritime environment is a condition of shipping safety and security. b) The legal status of ships, safety management and pollution prevention from ships, manning, loading lines, loading, the welfare of ship's crew and health of passengers, the legal status of ships, safety management and pollution prevention from ships, and ship security management for sailing in certain waters are all aspects of ship seaworthiness. c) The state of a ship that meets the standards of material, construction, machinery, and electrical buildings, stability, arrangement and equipment, auxiliary equipment and radio, and ship electronics, as proven by a certificate following inspection and testing, is known as ship safety.

A. Rules in SOLAS
Furthermore, it is stated in Law Number 17 of 1985 concerning the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea that each State must effectively implement its jurisdiction and supervision over ships flying its flag in the administrative, technical, and appropriate domains. As a result, each country must, in particular: a) Except for ships that are excluded from generally accepted international norms due to their small size, keep a ship registry with names and other information on ships flying their flag. b) Exercise jurisdiction over any ship flying its flag and its captain, officers, and crew with relation to administrative, technical, and social concerns surrounding that ship under its national legislation. To control the safety of shipping internationally, it is regulated by the following provisions: a) International Convention for the Safety of Live at Sea (SOLAS), 1974, as amended and this international rule concerns the following provisions: • Construction (structure, stability, electrical engineering and installation, fire protection, fire detectors, and firefighting);

ii. International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual (IAMSAR) B. Overview of Bitung city
Bitung City is a city in the province of North Sulawesi. This city has experienced rapid growth as a result of the presence of a seaport, which fosters development. Bitung City is in Minahasa Land's northeast corner. Bitung City is made up of two parts: a land area at the foot of Dua Saudara Mountain and an island known as Lembeh. Because many citizens of Bitung City are from the Sangir tribe, Bitung's culture is inextricably linked to that of the North Nusa region.
Bitung City is mostly an industrial city, with a strong fishing sector. According to legend, the name Bitung comes from the name of a tree (Oncosperma tigillarium syn. O. filamentosum; Nibung) that grows abundantly in Sulawesi's northern peninsula. Dotu Hermanus Sompotan, also known as Tundu'an or leader in the local language, was the first person to give the name Bitung. Dotu Hermanus Sompotan was not alone at the time; Dotu Rotti, Dotu Wullur, Dotu Ganda, Dotu Katuuk, and Dotu Lengkong were all present. The word Dotu was used to refer to an elder or a leadership title at the period, similar to how the word Datuk was used to refer to persons in Sumatra. They are known as the 6 Dotu Tumani Bitung, and they all originated from the Minahasa Tribe, Tonsea ethnicity. They opened and worked on the region to make it a decent area to live in. This new beachfront location attracted a large number of people to come and reside permanently, and Bitung's population began to rise over time. Bitung was merely a hamlet before becoming a city, led by Arklaus Sompotan, who served as the first Old Law (Lurah) of Bitung village and ruled for about 25 years. At the time, Bitung Village was part of the Kauditan District. Fishing entrepreneurs working on the Sulawesi Sea have been interested in Bitung since the 1940s, comparing it to Kema (in the current North Minahasa Regency), which used to be a commercial port, since Bitung, in their opinion, was more strategic and could be utilized as a replacement port for Kema. Based on Government Regulation Number 4 of 1975, dated April 10, 1975, Bitung was inaugurated as the first Administrative City in Indonesia, in conjunction with the growth of Bitung as a strategic area and the fast-rising population. Geographically, Bitung City is located between 1° 23' 23" -1° 35' 39" North Latitude and 125° 1' 43" -1 25° 18' 13" East Longitude and has a land area of 304 km².  (pISSN: 2541-5972, eISSN: 2548-1479) 242 well as a place of movement for ships. Intra and intermode transportation (PP RI No. 70 of 1996 concerning ports, Ministry of Transportation RI, page 2) and According to Bambang Triatmodjo, ports are airports equipped with buildings for passenger and cargo services such as piers, moorings, and all their equipment (Triadmodjo, 1996).
Ports have several classification methods, namely: a) Classification from a technical point of view: • Natural harbor The port that occurs from geographical conditions is an area that juts into (in the form of a bay).

• Artificial Port
An area of water created by humans in such a way that it is protected against natural disturbances originating from the sea. b) Classification in terms of services: •

B. Davao Port
The Port of Davao (Filipino: daungan dabaw ng, Cebuano: pantalan sa dabaw) is a port in the Philippine island of Mindanao. Davao Harbor is made up of a multitude of ports that are all located inside Davao Bay, a bay in the Sulawesi Sea that is based in Brgy Sasa, Davao City. Container cargo, raw material export, bulk cargo, general cargo, and passenger traffic facilities are the mainstays of Davao's port.
Apart from Manila, Subic, Cebu, and Zamboanga, Davao Port is one of the major ports. The port of Davao, also known as the Davao district port, encompasses Davao City, which navigates the four provinces mentioned above. Davao is used for port services and international commerce in addition to transiting between islands. On the shores of Davao Bay, 974 kilometers south of Manila, sits the city of Davao. Del Norte, Davao del Sur, West Davao, and Davao Oriental are the four districts that make up Davao. Davao City is administratively autonomous from Davao del Sur, but solely in a political sense. The harbor is accessible via Davao Bay in Davao City, which has two entrances. The first is in the Pakiputan Strait, which connects Davao with the waters west of Samal Island. The other lies to the east of Samal Island, which is primarily utilized as an exit for ships departing from Davao Bay's northern end.
Normally, international ships stopped in Davao at the port of Sasa, Davao are handled. In a week, roughly 30-40 ships dock at this port, with the majority of the ships being international. The majority of them are container ships with a length of more than 200 meters that are gearless. Fresh fruits, primarily Cavendish bananas, as well as other fruits such as papaya, mango, pineapple, and fresh vegetable items (such as asparagus and lettuce) are typically exported from Davao.

C. Crossing Davao-Bitung
The  This ship is operated by Asian Marine Transport Corp., a company from the Philippines and can carry containers of 20' to 500 pieces. The Davao Bitung trip will only take 1.5 days faster than the previous route, namely from Manila to Jakarta then to Bitung which takes 3-5 weeks. The opening of direct shipping lanes using Ro/Ro ships for the Philippines-Indonesia route or the Davao-Bitung port has triggered port SOEs to improve services through efficient domestic routes. President Director of PT Pelindo IV (Persero), Doso Agung said, Pelindo IV as a state-owned company with a port-managed area in Eastern Indonesia (KTI) will continue to boost domestic direct shipping without having to stop over to Java Island.  1) The city of Bitung in general and the port of Bitung, in particular, have international standard physical facilities and facilities, mastery of technology, and the closest distance to the Philippines via Davao by using Ro/Ro ferries as their strengths so that their use can be optimized to increase the number of passengers and also especially export commodity goods that can be served so that it will increase regional income. 2) MV ship. Super Shutle Roro 12 is operated by Asian Marine Transport Corp., a company from the Philippines and can transport 20' to 500 sized containers. However, International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research, Vol. 6(4), Dec. 2021. 240-245 (pISSN: 2541-5972, eISSN: 2548-1479 245 because the ship that sailed from Davao to Bitung only sailed once and did not return, so it could not be analyzed further about the ship. 3) Bitung port has proper facilities as ferry terminals and international freight transport which have separated the departure and arrival of passengers and also have fairly good security procedures. 4) Sasa Port in Davao City Philippines is a port that mostly transports containers that usually consist of fresh fruits and vegetables for international routes.