Comparative Analysis of Space-Based Battery,  Fuel Cell, and Conventional Propulsion System  for General Cargo Ships Of Approximately 100  Meters

Axel Rafoth; Achmad Baidowi; Quito Abian Iqtarib

doi:10.12962/j25481479.v9i3.21143

Comparative Analysis of Space-Based Battery, Fuel Cell, and Conventional Propulsion System for General Cargo Ships Of Approximately 100 Meters

Axel Rafoth, Achmad Baidowi, Quito Abian Iqtarib

Abstract

This research aims to serve as a guidebook or framework for designing a general cargo ship, approximately 100 meters in length, by replacing the conventional diesel system with hydrogen and fuel cell technology. The reference vessel for this study is the general cargo ship ILKA, with IMO number 8504947. The results of this research provide the foundational calculations for designing a ship powered by hydrogen fuel cells, including the selection of hydrogen type, battery choice, and compliance with class standards. Additionally, the transformation of the ship's layout is a key outcome of this study. Based on the calculations, the ILKA ship, with a sailing duration of approximately three days, requires around 2800 kg of liquid hydrogen. This hydrogen supply can support 4 x 200 kW fuel cells and 5 x 70 kWh batteries. Ultimately, this allows for the design of a hydrogen-powered ship with an endurance of three days.

Keywords

fuel cell; hydrogen; battery, ship; layout

Full Text:

PDF

References

ABS. “Hydrogen As Marine Fuel.” 2021.

Bougas, and H. Patil, “Concept design for a hydrogen or an ammonia driven ship,” www.chalmers.se, 2022.

C. Bourne, T. Nietsch, D. Griffith, and J. Morley, “Application of fuel cells in surface ships,” 2001.

D. A. Cullen, and A. Kusoglu, “New roads and challenges for fuel cells in heavy-duty transportation,” https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-021-00775-z, 2021.

DNV, “Handbook for hydrogen-fuelled vessels,” 2021.

P. P. Edwards, V. L. Kuznetsov, W. I. F. David, and N. P. Brandon, “Hydrogen and fuel cells: Towards a sustainable energy future,” Energy Policy, vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 4356–4362, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.09.036.

T. Elammas, “Hydrogen fuel cells for marine applications: Challenges and opportunities,” https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369611824, 2023.

H. Elbatran, “Ship Propulsion System Lecture 1,” n.d.

G. Elkafas, M. Rivarolo, E. Gadducci, L. Magistri, and A. F. Massardo, “Fuel cell systems for maritime: A review of research development, commercial products, applications, and perspectives,” Processes, vol. 11, issue 1, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010097.

European Maritime Safety Agency, “Potential of hydrogen as fuel for shipping,” www.emsa.europa.eu, 2023.

Future Proof Shipping B.V., “ADN Safety Committee Retrofit of FPS Waal with H2 fuel cell power generation system,” 2023.

S. Gössling, C. Meyer-Habighorst, and A. Humpe, “A global review of marine air pollution policies, their scope and effectiveness,” Ocean and Coastal Management, vol. 212, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105824.

H2SHIPS, “Development of a tool for the feasibility analysis of innovative propulsion systems for inland waterway vessels,” 2021.

V. Hacker, and S. Mitsushima, “Fuel cells and hydrogen: From fundamentals to applied research,” 2018.

IEA, “Net Zero by 2050,” 2021.

IMO, “International Code of Safety for Ship Using Gases or Other Low-flashpoint Fuels (IGF Code),” 2019.

IMO, “Pollution Prevention Control,” 2023.

Kistner, F. L. Schubert, C. Minke, A. Bensmann, and R. Hanke-Rauschenbach, “Techno-economic and environmental comparison of internal combustion engines and solid oxide fuel cells for ship applications,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 508, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230328.

Marine Service Nord, “How much hydrogen do I need for the fuel cell on my ship?” 2024.

F. S. Martins, J. A. C. da Cunha, and F. A. R. Serra, “Secondary data in research – Uses and opportunities,” Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia, vol. 17, no. 04, pp. 01–04, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5585/ijsm.v17i4.2723.

MSA, “Hydrogen Safety: Standards and Technologies,” n.d.

MyShipTracking, “MyShipTracking,” 2024.

P. Ni, X. Wang, and H. Li, “A review on regulations, current status, effects and reduction strategies of emissions for marine diesel engines,” Fuel, vol. 279, 118477, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUEL.2020.118477.

E. I. Ortiz-Rivera, A. L. Reyes-Hernandez, and R. A. Febo, “Understanding the history of fuel cells,” 2007 IEEE Conference on the History of Electric Power, HEP 2007, pp. 117–122, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1109/HEP.2007.4510259.

Port of Hamburg, “ILKA,” 2024.

W. Pratt, and L. E. Klebanoff, “Feasibility of the SF-BREEZE: A zero-emission, hydrogen fuel cell, high-speed passenger ferry,” http://www.ntis.gov/search, 2016.

T. Tronstad, H. H. Astrand, G. P. Haugom, and L. Langfeldt, “Study on the use of fuel cells in shipping,” 2017.

H. Xing, C. Stuart, S. Spence, and H. Chen, “Fuel cell power systems for maritime applications: Progress and perspectives,” Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1–34, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031213.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j25481479.v9i3.21143