Validation of Engine Performance for Tests on Ballast Water Heat Treatment Using Engine Waste Heat

Rajoo Balaji; Omar Yaakob; Kho King Koh; Faizul Amri bin Adnan; Nasrudin bin Ismail; Badruzzaman bin Ahmad; Mohd Arif bin Ismail

doi:10.12962/j25481479.v2i1.2387

Validation of Engine Performance for Tests on Ballast Water Heat Treatment Using Engine Waste Heat

Rajoo Balaji, Omar Yaakob, Kho King Koh, Faizul Amri bin Adnan, Nasrudin bin Ismail, Badruzzaman bin Ahmad, Mohd Arif bin Ismail

Abstract

Heat treatment has been considered as a suitable option for treatment of ballast water. Utilising the waste heat from the diesel engine fresh water and exhaust gases would be an economic option. For recovering the heat from the exhaust gases, heat exchangers are required to be placed in their flow path. The sea water coolant after recovering heat from fresh water has to be directed to this heat exchanger for sterilisation. For testing the effectiveness of these heat recoveries on species’ mortalities, a mini-scale system was arranged and tests were carried out. The engine output and other flow rates were maintained to achieve a temperature range of 55 to 80^oC. Data was obtained from the sensors and probes fitted at relevant points. The engine performance was monitored with computerised control equipment. Operational data from five test runs were analysed and verified by two approaches. In the first approach, the heat recovered by the water was compared with the heat lost by the exhaust gases and the maximum variation was observed to be 3.4%. In the second approach, the input energies were computed using two different methods using data values of brake power, thermal efficiency, mass flows, calorific value and specific fuel consumption. A maximum variation of -11% was seen for only one test run, while for other tests the variation was between -0.7% to -1.7%. The values obtained from the connected probes and the computed results were thus validated and further tests on species were carried out.

Keywords

Ballast water; heat treatment; diesel engine; heat recoveries

Full Text:

PDF

References

IMO (2016). www.imo.org/Conventions. Last accessed 14 July 2017, 1610 LT.

Lloyd’s Report. Ballast Water Treatment Technology, Current Status, February, 2010. (3rd Ed.).

Lloyd’s Report. Ballast Water Treatment Technology, Current Status, June 2011. (4th Ed.).

Lloyd’s Report. Ballast Water Treatment Technology, Current Status, March 2012.

Lloyd’s Report. Understanding ballast water management, Guidance for ship owners and operators, March 2014.

Balaji, R., Yaakob, O., Kho, K. K. A Review of Developments in Ballast Water Management. Environmental Reviews. 2014. DOI: 10.1139/er-2013-0073.

EPA Report. Efficacy of Ballast Water Treatment Systems: A Report by EPA Science Advisory Board. 2011.

http://www.epa.gov/sab.

NRC Report (National Research Council Report). Stemming the Tide: Controlling Introductions of Non-indigenous Species by Ships’ Ballast Water. National Research Council Staff. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 1996.

Gregg, M., Rigby, G., Hallegraeff, G. M. Review of two decades of progress in the development of management options for reducing or eradicating phytoplankton, zooplankton and bacteria in ship’s ballast water. Aquatic Invasions, 2009, 4(3), pp.521-565.

Rigby, G. R., Hallegraeff, G. M., Sutton, C. A. Novel ballast water heating technique offers cost-effective treatment to reduce the risk of global transport of harmful marine organisms. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 1999, 191, pp.289-293.

Rigby, G. R., Hallegraeff, G. M., Taylor, A. H. Ballast water heating offers a superior treatment option. Journal of Marine and Environmental Engineering, 2004, 7, pp.217-230.

Talbi, M., Agnew, B. Energy recovery from diesel engine exhaust gases for performance enhancement and air conditioning, Applied Thermal Engineering, 2002, 22, pp.693-702.

Nidal H. Abu-Hamdeh. Effect of cooling the recirculated exhaust gases on diesel engine emissions, Energy Conservation and Management, 2003, 44, pp.3113-3124.

Rakopoulos, C. D., Giakoumis, E. G. Availability analysis of a turbocharged diesel engine operating under transient load conditions, Energy, 2004, 29, pp.1085-1104.

Akhter, M.S., Nabi, M.N., Afroz, Z. Recovery of heat from engine exhaust for utilization in a paddy dryer, Proceedings of International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, 29-31 December, 2007, Bangla Desh.

Conklin, J.C., Szybist, J.P. A highly efficient six-stroke diesel engine cycle with water injection for exhaust gas recovery, Energy, 2010, 35, pp.1658-1664.

Adamkiewicz, A., Wietrzyk, B. Marine turbine applications in waste heat recovery systems, Journal of Polish CIMAC, 2009.

Tse, L. K. C., Wilkins, S., McGlashan, N., Urban, B., Martinez-Bortas, R. Solid oxide fuel cell/gas turbine trigeneration system for marine applications, Journal of Power Sources, 2011, 196, pp.3149-3162.

Quilez-Badia, G., McCollin, T., Josefson, K., Vourdachas, A., Gill, M. E., Mesbahi, E., Frid, C. L. J. On board short-time high temperature heat treatment of ballast water: A field trail under operational conditions. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2008, 56, pp.127-135.

Balaji, R., Yaakob, O. Envisaging a Ballast Water Treatment System from Shipboard Waste Heat. Proceedings of International Conference on Maritime Technology (ICMT). Harbin, China. 25-28 June 2012.

Balaji, R., Yaakob, O. An analysis of shipboard waste heat availability for ballast water treatment. Journal of Marine Engineering and Technology, 2012, 11(2), pp.15-29.

Hountalas, D. T., Katsonas, C. O., Kouremenos, D. A. Study of available exhaust gas heat recovery technologies for HD diesel engine applications, Int. J of Alternative Propulsion, 2007, 1(2/3), pp.228-249.

Pandiyarajan, V., Chinna Pandian, M., Malan, E., Velraj, R. Seeniraj, R. V. Experimental investigation on heat recovery from diesel engine exhaust using finned shell and tube heat exchanger and thermal storage system. Applied Energy, 2011, 88, pp.77-87.

Wang, T., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Shu, G., Peng, Z. Analysis of recoverable exhaust energy from a light-duty gasoline engine. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2012.

http://dx.doi.org/10/1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.03.025.

Balaji, R., Hing, L.S., Kho, K.K, Adnan, F.A., Nasrudin, I., Badruzzaman, A., Mohd Arif, I., Wan Nik, W.B. Laboratory tests on heat treatment of ballast water using engine waste heat. Environmental Technology. 2017.

DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1321691

Mukherjee, R. Effectively design shell and tube heat exchangers, Chemical Engineering Progress, 1998, 94(2).

Tayal, M. C., Yan, F., Diwekar, U. M. Optimisation of Heat Exchangers: A Genetic Algorithm Framework, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 1999, 38, pp.456-467.

Ravagnani, M. A. S. S., Caballero, J. A. A MINLP model for the rigorous design of shell and tube heat exchangers using the TEMA standards. Trans. IChemE Part A. 2007, 85 (A10): 1423-1435.

Costa, A. L. H., Queiroz, E. M. Design optimisation of shell and tube heat exchangers, Applied Thermal Engineering, 2008, 28, pp.1798-1805.

Xie, G. N., Sunden, B., Wang, Q. W. Optimisation of compact heat exchangers by a genetic algorithm, Applied Thermal Engineering, 2008, 28, pp.895-906.

Rajasekharan, S., Kannadasan, T. Optimisation of shell and tube heat exchangers using modified genetic algorithm, International Journal of Control and Automation, 2010, 3(4), pp.1-10.

Sanaye, S., Hajabdollahi, H. Multi-objective optimisation of shell and tube heat exchangers, Applied Thermal Engineering, 2010, 30, pp.1937-1945.

Teke, I., Ağra, O., Atayilmaz, O., Demir, H. Determining the best type of heat exchangers for heat recovery, Applied Thermal Engineering, 2010, 30, pp.577-583.

Peters, M. S., Timmerhaus, K. D., West, R. E. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers, (5th Ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Companies, 2003.

Balaji, R., Yaakob, O., Adnan, F.A., Koh, K.K. Design Verification of Heat Exchanger for Ballast Water Treatment. Jurnal Teknologi, 2014, 66(2), pp.61-65.

Balaji, R., Yaakob, O. Optimisation of a Waste Heat Exchanger for Ballast Water Treatment. Transactions B: Mechanical Engineering, Scientia Iranica, 2015, 22(3), pp.871-882.

Balaji, R., Yaakob, O., Koh, K.K., Adnan, F.A., Nasrudin, I., Badruzzaman, A., Mohd Arif, I., Ru Vern, Y. Comparison of heat exchanger designs for ship ballast water heat treatment system. Jurnal Teknologi. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 2, 2015, 77(8), pp.13-19.

Lienhard, J. H. IV., Lienhard, J. H. V. A Heat Transfer Textbook, (4th Ed.) Massachusetts: Phlogiston Press, 2011.

Hatazawa, M., Sugita, H., Ogawa, T., Seo, Y. Performance of a thermo acoustic sound wave generator driven with waste heat of automobile gasoline engine. Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2004, 70(689), pp.292-299.

Pulkrabek, W.W. Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2003.

Ganesan, V. Internal Combustion Engines, (2nd Ed.) New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 2003.

Woodyard, D. Theory and General Principles. Pounder’s Marine Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines (8th Ed.) Burlington: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j25481479.v2i1.2387