Influence Factors for Community-Based Road Quality in Slum Settlement Areas

ABSTRACT National Long-Term Development Plan (RPJPN) mandated to alleviate slum settlement areas until 0 hectares. One of the indicators to be assessed on slum settlement handling is by road settlement access. The quality of the road was affected by the physical condition and the operation, management factors either. This research aim is to identify factors that affected community-based settlement road management in slum settlement areas, through Kota Tanpa Kumuh (KOTAKU) Program or City Without Slum. The analysis used in this research is descriptive analysis, in which the researcher gathers factors related to community-based road management from literature study, also previous study and research. Then 7 experts that have expertise in slum alleviation subjects were chosen, to validate and filter the factors that have been gathered. The results indicate that there are 25 approved factors by all experts and considered as high influence factors, 13 factors approved by 4 6 experts considered as moderate influence factors, and 3 factors approved by less than 4 experts considered as low influence factors. This research contributes to Infrastructure Asset Management knowledge, specifically in communitybased infrastructure management.


INTRODUCTION
Mandated by National Long-Term Development Plan (RPJPN), slum settlement areas must alleviate to 0 hectares, and provide a livable and sustainable settlement. On slum settlement handling, there are 7 conditions to be assessed: one of them is settlement roads. Settlement roads can be built through contractual activity done by the contractor, or through community-based activity. The infrastructure always managed by an infrastructure management organization, in which there are knowledge related to management organization or infrastructure asset management (Suprayitno & Soemitro, 2018). Community-based activity means that the community involved in management, starting from planning, construction, utilization, and maintenance phase. Road managed by the community is not entirely sustainable. This was seen from the assets of road that has been built in several areas, so there is a risk of making the areas back to be slum areas again.
The infrastructure function performance depends on its operational quality, while this operational quality depends on its physical condition, thus its maintenance quality . The quality of the road that has been built in slum areas was affected by physical condition and the operation, management factors either. The quality of the road determined the sustainability of the road.
Community-based management factors also the key to infrastructure sustainability success. Each management phase, starting from planning, construction, utilization, and maintenance has its factors. Each factor has its nature as supporting or resisting performance, its strength of influence, its own easiness to be manipulated and its value . This research will analyze the influence factors of community-based road management.
Community-based approach model captured the principle of developing social innovation to solve environmental problems and encourage involvement and engagement to get support from the wider community (Megawati et al., 2019). With this approach, the community gets involved in every phase of management, so the sense of belonging for the infrastructure that has been built could be better maintained.
According to Organization for Economic Corporation and Development (OECD; in Ayat, 2017), the infrastructure managed by the community is the infrastructure that used by themselves, also utilized and maintained based on their capacity. Therefore, the assets of roads that managed by the community depend on the efforts of the community itself in order to be well sustained and done according to their infrastructure asset management knowledge.
The needs for a good management effort in making a sustainable road are based on infrastructure asset management; which then become program or knowledge for infrastructure management necessary to continuously function properly, and as long as it is still needed economically, efficiently, effectively and meets green or sustainability principles (Soemitro & Suprayitno, 2018).
Refering to Petunjuk Pelaksanaan KOTAKU Tingkat Kelurahan (Dit.PKP, 2018), one of the community-based infrastructure programs is KOTAKU Program (City Without Slum). Ministry of Public Works and Housing initiate KOTAKU to support slum settlement alleviation in 271 Cities/Districts in 34 Provinces in Indonesia. This community-based activity as community involvement effort in development, and to support poverty and unemployment alleviation.
Previous research has shown that community-based infrastructure activities have advantages and disadvantages to their management (Annisya & Tantoro, 2017). Community involvement in management influenced by internal and external factors that will affect the result of infrastructure quality. The road quality is measured by its functional performance and its physical condition, in which the sustainability of function and physical condition is strongly considered .
Those affected factors to the result of infrastructure quality need to be defined. This research aims to identify the influence factors on community-based road management sustainability.

RESEARCH METHOD
Gathering variables in this research was done by literature studies related to communitybased road management, i.e. literature from government regulation, guidelines, and previous research (Dit.PKP 2018;Dit.PKP 2018a;Rahmaniyah, 2019). The researcher classifies the considered related variables starting from planning, construction, utilization, and maintenance phase. From this step, the researcher identified 41 variables that considered as influencing factors to community-based road management. The next step, i.e. involving experienced experts in the field of community-based slum settlement alleviation. In this stage, the researcher gathered the information through distributed questionnaire, where the experts can choose "agree" or "disagree" with the proposed variables related to the community-based road management. After the experts validate and filter the variables, the questionnaire results are analyzed using descriptive analysis, to describe which variables are considered has high, moderate or low influence on community-based road management, include its reasoning.

COLLECTING DATA
In this research, 41 variables were identified by the researcher related to communitybased management infrastructure, especially settlement road. Those 41 variables are divided into 5 phases of infrastructure management, i.e. planning, construction, utilization, maintenance, and expected results. The variables gathered from several previous research, literature study, and KOTAKU guidelines. The 41 variables are presented in Table 1.

Variables Filter and Validation by Experts
In the questionnaire, the respondents were given operational definition to each factor, so experts understanding in interpret the factor are similar. Each factor will provide a choice of "agree" and "disagree", each expert will choose their answer based on their opinion relate to their own knowledge and experience. This research involves 7 experts by purposive sampling, which is the research sample selection method with some criteria to get clear and more representable data. The selection criteria for the researchers are the experts are (1) involve as an actor in KOTAKU; (2) experienced and expert in slum settlement alleviation field; (3) having knowledge related to community-based infrastructure. Based on these criteria, the experts that selected are described in Table 2 as follows: The task of each expert is to choose "agree" or "disagree" by considering these factors give influences to the community-based road management or not. The experts also could give the reason to be considered for each answer.

Factor Selection Results Analysis
Descriptive analysis will be used to describe the results of the questionnaire, by describing the experts answer thoroughly. For the 41 variables submitted to experts, using Likert scale, there will be 3 variable grouping based on determined range, i.e. the high, moderate and low importance level of community-based road management influence factors. As for the results of the questionnaire as described in Table 3 follows (for more detail in Appendix 1):  Based on the table above, there are three variables grouping as community-based road management factor, i.e. high importance factors, where the factors approved by 7 experts, moderate importance factors, where the factors approved by 4 -6 experts and low importance factors, where the factors approved by less than 4 experts. For the agreed factors, the experts didn't give the reason on it, so in high importance factor group, there will be no reason on the table, which can be explained as follow :

High Importance Factor
The High Importance Factors, i.e. 25 variables agreed by all experts as influence factors are considered as factors with high importance level. As explained above, for the agreed factors, the experts didn't give its reason, so this table shown only selected factors, because all of the experts agree to the factors. These are presented in the Table 4.

Moderate Importance Factors
The moderate importance factors, i.e. 13 variables that agreed by 4 -6 experts as influence factor in community-based road management, considered as factors with moderate importance level. These are presented in Table 5. In the decision-making process, it is better not to involve many parties, only those who have interest but should represent input from community 2 Construction City-level consultation forum The one who plays more important role is the city/district level government as lead actor in the development 3

Woman participation in the construction phase
In the onstruction phase, woman role does not really need to exist 4 Technology used The chosen technology is not always a simple one, because it will determine quality, pace, and accuracy of construction It is a good thing and easier way if the community is being proactive in the community sharing for public interests, but needs to be support only, so the community are aware of their rights from Kelurahan/Villages government level program 10 Partnership and assistance in maintenance financing The partnership, which is conducted especially with private sectors, are better for main works that has numerous costs and the result of changes are more visible, the cost for maintenance and improvement susceptible to be misused 11 Woman contribution to maintenance Woman tend to only carry out minor maintenance works

Results
The road can be utilized for a long time On this factor, there are more inluencing factors, not only community internal factor in road maintenance 13 Satisfaction level of community It cannot be a measurement, because satisfaction doesn't mean that they involved in the management.

Low Impotance Factors
The low importance factors, i.e. 3 variables that agreed by less than 4 experts as influence factors in community-based road management, on this research considered as factors with low importance level (0 -3 points). These are presented in Table 6. Facilitators expected to brief and assist on the first phase, so Kelurahan/Villages officials and the community can become more independent and empowered to implement road maintenance activity (also the uncertainty of facilitator contract)

CONCLUSION
The results of this research obtained 41 variables rated that influencing community-based road management with different level of importance. To see the importance level of the factors, its divided into 3 groups. The first group is the factors considered as high importance level factors, it consists of 25 factors, divided as follows: 7 factors in planning phase, 6 factors in construction phase, 3 factors in utilitazion phase, 6 factors in maintenance phase, and 3 factors in results phase. The second group is the factors considered as moderate importance level of factor, it consists of 13 factors, divided as follows: 1 factor in planning phase, 4 factors in construction phase, 3 factors in utilitazion phase, 3 factors in maintenance phase, and 2 factors in results phase. The third group is the factors considered as low importance level factors, it consists of 3 factors, divided as follows: 1 factor in planning phase, 1 factor in construction phase, and 1 factor in maintenance phase.
This research gathered variables only from KOTAKU's guidelines and one of the previous research in Civil Engineering Department of Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, and the chosen experts determined by purposive sampling. From these research results, it possible that there are still many factors related to community-based infrastructure management, if this research plan to be developed, its need to add more variables from several literatures.