CONCEPT OF FEMALE DORMITORY BEDROOMS BASED ON STUDENTS ’ PREFERENCE AND ADAPTATION Case Study : Type B Non-Affiliated Organization Pesantren

In Indonesia, Pesantren is a private boarding school managed by an organizational or non-organizational Islamic institution. The Pesantren’s buildings are commonly not well designed and its design represents the institution’s requirements. This paper investigates the bedroom design of dormitory based on student’s preferences and adaptation, which then will be used as a design’s concept reference. Bedroom is the smallest scale of built environment, yet it has great influence on accommodating users’ daily needs. Moreover, the bedroom dimension especially for a pesantren’s dormitory has limited area but with high occupant density. This study uses a case study strategy supported by quantitative and qualitative methods. Six Pesantrens are chosen to find bedrooms’ typology by observation. Next, the typology is tested to 500 respondents in Sunan Drajat Pesantren by using a questionnaire. Quantitative analysis is employed to find the students’ preferences, and afterwards the student’s adaptation is investigated. The result shows that the bedrooms’ typology in pesantren’s dormitory do not meet the minimum standard of bedroom’s design. The typology is based on observation in six Pesantren’s bedrooms. The study also reveals that student’s preference for bedroom’s dormitory is influenced by physiological and psychological aspects. Physiological aspects indicate thermal and visual comfort. The psychological aspects are motivation, security, privacy, personal space, territory, crowding and density. The bedroom size, number of occupants and bedroom area per person do not meet students’ preference, consequently the adaptation process is difficult. The types of adaptation are by reaction, by adjustment and by withdrawal. The design concepts propose from the bedroom’s dimension (bedroom area per person is 2.8 m2), the students’ belonging and furniture arrangement, use space, number of occupants (small, small-medium, medium, large, and extra-large bedroom).


INTRODUCTION
Human and environment have mutually relationships to improve the quality of life (Sudiarta, 2016).When the environment cannot accommodate human needs, they will do enviromental adaption based on preferences.The higher level of suitability environment and preferences are needed, the lower adaptation efforts are undertaken (Rapoport, 2005).
In Indonesia, Pesantrens are Islamic private boarding school which mostly are not well designed and less comfortable with high density of occupant (Bosworth, et al, 1995).The environment of pesantren usually does not accommodate the student needs and has low environmental maintenance (Khajehzadeh and Vale, 2014).Therefore, pesantren has a slum image from general perspective (Husaini in Suryawan, 2013;Badri, 2008;Ministry of Health, 2007;Sopi'i, 2014;agtvnews.com, 2017;and portal.banyuwangikab.go.id, 2013).
In Indonesia, there are three types of Pesantren based on its infrastructure and facilities, namely Type A, B and C.This paper highlights pesantren's type B which has students' dormitory and formal school system (Ministry of Religion in Miftahuddin, 2011); yet, the facilities has insufficient condition to accommodate the students' daily needs (Mu'in, et al, 2005).Moreover, the type of non-affiliated organization pesantrens are organized and developed without well design concept of dormitories (Wahid, 2001).Amole (2009) has suggested four environmental levels that can be observed in dormitory's environment.Those are levels of dormitory's environment, dormitory building, a floor's plan, and its bedroom.This study investigates the smallest environment which is the dormitory's bedrooms in Pesantren.Dormitory's bedroom is the most important place for students' daily activities and has various environmental adaptation (Azzahro, 2017).Moreover, since the dormitories usually have higher occupant density, the environmental conditions are less adequate and diseases can be spread round the dormitory very quickly such as scabies (Badri, 2007;Fernawan, 2008).Therefore, formulating dormitory's design concept is necessary to improve the quality of life in pesantren based on student's preference and adaptation.Further, this study is conducted in female dormitories which indicates higher adaptation level than in male dormitories (Hidayat, 2009).

THEORY / RESEARCH METHODS
The literature review explains pesantren overviews, theory about bedroom as the smallest level of the built environment and the process of human evaluation of the environment, preference and adaptation.

Pesantren in Indonesia
Pesantren is an Islamic education institution with a dormitory system.The student learns religious education from kiai/ caregiver (Arifin, 2010).There are five forming elements in pesantren which are kiai/caregiver, mosque, dormitory, student (santri), and religion book/ kitab kuning (Dhofier, 1994).According to Ministry of Religion (Miftahudin, 2011), there are three types of pesantrens based on education system, which are type A (has student dormitory, classically educational system, no formal education, and no curriculum standard); type B (has student dormitory, integrated with formal school with curriculum standard); and type C (has student dormitory with separated formal schools which is outside the pesantren and curriculum is decided by the kiai).Furthermore, pesantren is also divided based on its organization, which are affiliated organization and non-affiliated organization (private or family ownership) pesantrens.

Bedroom Level
According to Chiara and Callender (1987), several design aspects of dormitory's bedroom are considered, include:

a. Bedroom Dimension
Bedroom's dimension considers (a) furniture size and design, (b) furniture use space/ minimum space required for furniture (figure 1), and (c) the combination of furniture items.

b. Bedroom Size
According to Chiara and Callender (1987), the bedroom size and shape are influenced by two aspects of possible room change: adaptability of furniture arrangement and divisibility of space.There are several typologies of bedroom size based on its use space (Chiara and Callender, 1987), which are (a) minimum type (accommodates required furniture with the overlapping use space); (b) optimum type (no overlapping furniture and use spaces); (c) Generous (with space divisibility).(Figure 2)

c. Number of Occupants
Based on the number of occupants (Chiara and Callender, 1987), types of bedrooms are single bedrooms, split double bedrooms, double bedroom, triple bedroom, fourstudent bedroom.While GPPPBM in Wulandari (2016) said that the number of occupant in dormitory is 8-12 people.
Human Evaluation Process to the Environment Rapoport (2005) explains that the built environment is a designed environment that has organization of space, time, communication/the meaning of the space, system of settings, cultural landscape, and made up of fixed, semi-fixed and non-fixed features.The process evalution to environment starts environmental filter and percieves through personal experiences and cultural variables such as attitude, value, need, ideal, image, standart, and etc. Next, they evaluate and respond the conditions based on their preferences and adaptation (figure 3).

Preference in Architecture
According to Rapoport (2005), preference involves choice and design to environmental quality which is evaluated through several of the components of culture (Figure 3).Preferences are closely related to occupancy perceptions (Rapoport, 2005), behavioural, responses and decision-making on multiple options (Triyuli, 2005).Perception has an important role to human mindsets when choosing domestic environment influenced by the meaning of previous occupancy (Arias, 1993).There are three mechanisms in preference (figure 4) according to Arias (1993): a. Residential setting analysis.This stage identified the need on designed objects.
The influenced aspects are demographics, psychographic and physical design attributes (furniture, etc).b.Design Impact Analysis.This stage organizes space and proposes alternative design/ typology.c.Preference Analysis.After passing the two processes, the typology of environment will be selected.The choice of typology is influenced by human attitude, values, and need.

Adaptation in Architecture
People formulate the environmental adaptation when thus the environment cannot meet human preference.Adaptation is an activity pattern created when people live in new environment (Tuan 2001in Meliala, 2013).According to Rapoport (2005) Berry (1980) identifies three types of adaptation, which are (a) by reaction (changing behaviour to reduce conflict with environment); (b) by adjustment (changing the environment that is appropriate to desired environmental conditions); and (c) by withdrawal (letting and moving to desired environment).Rapoport (2005) suggests another type of adaption by giving up (surrender), beside three types of adaptation suggested by Berry (1980).
Second, after the aspects of bedroom typology are determined, the variables are tested through questionnaires only in female dormitory of Sunan Drajat pesantren (PPSD).Respondents are 500 students that was chosen by random sampling technique.PPSD's female students are chosen as respondent because the PPSD has various form of education stage with the highest number of student from different regions.The questionnaire uses Likert scale and analysed using cross-tabulation.After student's preference is known, the level of satisfaction is known, then environmental adaptation can be identified using in-depth interview and observation as tactics.Lastly, the concept of bedroom is formulated based on students' preference and adaptation (figure 5).Arias, 1993;Berry, 1980 andRapoport, 2005

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The discussion is presented from explaining the pesantren's activities, typology, preference and adaptation to proposing the design concept.

The Activity of Pesantren Bedroom
From the observation, the characteristic of bedroom in pesantren type B has compound function.It means that students use the bedroom for several activities, such as doing domestic activities and worshiping, also studying.Because of high density, occupancy in limited space, student tend to perfom their activities in several places inside or outside dormitory's area.For example, learning activity which is ideally done inside the bedroom, they often study outside their room or other places which is more comfortable and less dense.

Bedroom Typology
Determining the bedroom typology is aimed to formulate variables for research questionnaire.Aspects of bedroom typology are bedroom dimensions (furniture and its use space), bedroom size and the number of occupants (Chiara and Callender, 1987).To simplify the analysis, the discussion is explained from the elements of furniture for student's belongings, bedroom size, bedroom area per person, and type and number of occupants.

a. Furniture and Students' Belongings
According to Chiara and Callender (1987), furniture in the dormitory's bedroom are mattresses, cupboards, tables, chairs and doors.The furnitures in pesantren's bedroom are only the cupboard and door.In pesantren, some students' belongings are identified and used comunally, such as clothes hangers, shoes rack, bath-tool rack and trash bin.Students' belongings are folding mattresses, carpets, pillows and bolsters, buckets, bags, dishes or baskets, mukena, clothes, books and the Qur'an, stationery, cosmetics and medicine.
Associated with the furniture placement, there are two types of bedrooms.The type A (figure 6) is where all the students' belongings are organized inside the bedroom both of which are clean, dirty, sacred, unclean, wet and dry.This organization is only applied in PPSD, partly in PPMA and PPDU.The type B (figure 7) indicates that all dirty, wet and unclean students' belonging are placed outside the bedroom.This type can be seen in, PPTT, PPKH, PPPW, and partly in PPMA and PPDU.Bedroom size is influenced by the adaptability and divisibility of the bedroom (Chiara and Callender, 1980).The variation of adaptability and divisibility of bedroom gives the users flexible decision to move and to adjust the bedroom's furniture in accordance with their needs (High and Sundstrom, 1977).In the context of pesantren bedroom, in six pesantrens have high density of occupants and crowded condition, thus the flexibility of bedroom is low (table 1).

c. Bedroom Area per Person
According to the standard in The Architect's Handbook, the minimum bedroom size per person is 4 m² (Hamdi, 2016).In all six pesantrens dormitories, the bedroom size does not meet the minimum standard.Table 1 indicates that bedroom area per person is obtained from 1.2 m² to 2.8 m².Moreover, from field observation has found that all bedrooms have less dimension from the minimum standard according to Chiara and Callender (1980).This condition shows that the space dimension cannot accommodate the student's goods and furniture.For example, in PPSD and PPMA, sleeping activities cannot be accommodated with mattresses, therefore students prefer to sleep outside bedroom (i.e. in the corridor).

d. Type and Number of Occupants
Based  Chiara and Callender (1980).Yet, the type (a) meet the standard from GPPPBM in Wulandari (2016).
In addition, the member of occupant in each bedroom is also determined by the level of school (PPSD), grade level (PPSD, PPKH, PPDU, PPPW and PPTT), majors/level of education (PPMA and PPTT), interest such as language (English or Arabic) or memorizing Al-Qur'an (PPMA, PPSD and PPPW) and mixture (PPMA and PPTT).

Students' Preference and Adaptation
The discussion of preference and adaptation analysis, starts location and student demography description in the PPSD, then analysis on aspects of bedroom facility is described.

a. Existing and Demography of PPSD
Sunan Drajat pesantren (PPSD) is in Banjaranyar Paciran Lamongan East Java Indonesia.This pesantren is one of pesantrens influenced by walisongo.PPSD has formal school levels, from kindergarten to college.Type of dormitory building is connected dormitory with 3-4 floors (Figure 10) (Yusuf, 2018).The total female population in PPSD is 2090 students.In junior and senior high school level are 1897 students.The research's sample are 500 respondents who are in junior high school level (44%) and in high school (56%).The respondents are selected based on level of education because they have similar education program and activities in the pesantren.Based on data analysis, the details of grade level of respondents are class VII (5%), VIII (27%), IX (12%), X (24%), XI (8%), and XII (24%).Duration of years of compulsory education are one-year student (15%); two years (27%); three years (40%); four years (12%); five years (3%); and six years (3%).

b. Furniture and Students' Belongings
In order to follow the pesantren's values of living with simplicity, the students only bring specific and limited belongings.From the interviews, the students prefer to From the analysis shows that the students agree that all their belongings are placed inside the bedroom (76%).The students prefer to keep their belongings inside the bedroom due to lack of privacy and security.Since in PPSD allows students to keep their belongings inside the bedroom, the level of students' satisfaction is high accordance with student's preference.Despite of crowding and limited space in dormitory's bedroom, some adaptation is performed by students to accommodate their needs.The adaptation effort is by doing several adjustments; for example, labelling their belongings (figure 12), determining their space territory, and so on.In PPSD, students choose interior arrangement of type 1 (Figure 8) which the clean and dirty area are divided.Students feel more comfortable when there is space separation between area for clean and dirty stuffs.Moreover, the clean area is ideal for worshipping/praying activity.The bedroom arrangement is also influenced by the position of door and window.Door position (Figure 13a and 13b) provides more opportunities to place students' belongings.The window position also affects the arrangement of cupboard placement.Students tend to avoid putting a cupboard in front of a window if the window is only at height of one meter above floor.PPSD has total of 76 bedrooms occupied by junior and senior high school students.From 76 bedrooms, 31 bedrooms is classified as Type 1 (Figure 8) and the other bedrooms are as Type 2 (Figure 9).From dependency analysis shows that students who occupy bedrooms Type 1 are more satisfied and meet their preference than bedrooms Type 2. Adaptation by reaction is performed in Type 2 than in Type 1.For example, group regulations both proposed by students or the pesantren are applied to create comfortable condition both personally and generally, i.e. regulation for cleanliness rule and students' belonging arrangement.

c. Bedroom Dimension/Size and Number of Occupants
The bedroom dimension corresponds to the number of occupants, thus is known by how many bedroom areas per person is favoured by students.Psychological aspect of personal space is also influenced which preferred room dimension is chosen by the students.The denser of occupier density in the bedroom, the more distant or smaller is the students' personal space (Cozby, 1973).From preference's analysis, student choose larger dimension of bedrooms with a small number of occupants (bedroom dimension of 10x10 m, 7x7 m and 8x8m).The preferred number of occupants is 4-10 people.Likewise Susilawati's study in Wulandari ( 2016), she has identified that the students prefer a room for two people.Therefore, less occupier density and crowding in the bedroom are preferred by students.
Choosing bedroom's dimension and number of occupants, the students ignore the factor of price or the cost of tuition fee.This result is in line to the study of bedroom attribute preference by Oppewal et al. (2005); which states that the students do not fully account the price/cost when ranking the preferences.As the result, the indicated ratings are based on the physical quality or condition of bedroom, rather than its price/cost.
Based on students' preference, bedroom dimension is 10 m², while in the existing (PPSD) is only 1,2-1,5 m².Thus, the level of satisfaction of student is very low.The adaptation efforts are done by adjustment and by withdrawal.Adaptation by adjustment is performed when students sleep in an area only 1.2 m² to 1.8 m², along with the bedroom furniture.Hence, they use large carpet as sleeping mattress for two or more students.Adaptation by withdrawal is done by student, if the room is too crowded, they prefer to sleep outside the bedroom, i.e., corridor (figure 14).

d. Type of Bedroom Occupants
Based on students' preference, they are more comfortable to live with the same grade, department or interest in the same dormitory's bedroom.The students are less favoured if the member of dormitory's bedroom is mixed with different grade level or interest.It indicates that the factor of closeness, similar motivation and interest are considered important for the group members.The result is in line with what other researchers stated that human tends to live with similar background of social level, interest, age, etc. (Little, 1974;Kirwan & Ball, 1974in Rahma, 2010); Bennett (1974);and Rowland (1998).In PPSD, the bedroom occupant is determined by students' grade and interest.Thus, the level of students' preferences is high with lower adaptation efforts.

e. The Summary of Preference and Adaptation Analysis
The analysis summary of the preference and adaptation can be seen in table 3.

The Concept of Bedroom Size
After defining students' preference in dormitory's bedroom, the concept of pesantren's bedroom is proposed by highlighting the aspects of student's activity, privacy, security, territory, personal space, crowding and density, closeness with other occupant, cleanliness, and position of door and window.The concept is focused on the dimension needs of bedroom area per person with considering students' belongings and furniture arrangement.

a. The Formulation of Space Area per Person
Determining the bedroom area per person is based on students' preference with considering students' belonging and its furniture.The size of furniture is taken from the largest typology existed in the type B non-affiliated organization pesantren.The calculation of bedroom area per person is explained in Table 4.Because of limited space and area, furniture and students' belongings arrangement are designed vertically and horizontally.Vertical arrangements (Figure 15) include cupboard, mattresses, pillows, suitcase, shoes/ sandals, bath tool, bags and bucket.The horizontal arrangement (Figure 16) is only for hanging space for clothes and sleeping areas.In addition, an area is provided to accommodate other items such as trash bins, dining cupboard, and placing the doors (Figure 15).The furniture arrangement is placed whether it is place in clean and sacred area (A) or in dirty and wet area (B) (see on Figure 17).Next, the use of space inside the dormitory's bedroom is determined.The Area of (A) is used for sleeping and the area of (B) is for furniture that is used communally by all students.Those areas are explained as follows: o (A) area: cupboard, mattress, pillow, sleeping area, suitcase, bag, clothes hangers, cutlery, door.o (B) area: Trash bin, bucket, bath tool, cleaning tool, shoes and sandal.
Furniture arrangement is influenced by students' preference of its placement.Previously, the analysis shows that students prefer to keep their belongings inside the bedroom.Therefore, the design concept proposed is based on their preference by placing all goods and students' belonging inside the bedroom.

d. Bedroom Dimension based on Number of Occupants
The bedroom dimension is determined after furniture arrangement and bedroom's use of space are proposed.The ideal calculation of ideal bedroom based on the number of occupants (Table 5).Based on the number of occupants, the bedroom is classified into five types (table 6), which are small, small-medium, medium, large, and extra-large bedroom.The New Concept of Bedroom Dormitory (Mezzanine)

B area
By considering the minimum area and bedroom dimension, the design concept proposes providing mezzanine inside the bedroom.This type of bedroom is considered as the optimum or generous type.Mezzanine is placed inside the bedroom only suggested in one or two sides of wall for providing good air circulation.In the mezzanine bedroom, the students can sleep and store their belongings only for the lightweight items such as pillows, bolsters or mattresses (Figure 19b).Designing mezzanine inside the bedrooms considers aspects as follows: a.The Height of Bedroom's Ceiling The recommendation of bedroom ceiling height is 5 meters (Figure 20).It is intended to design the mezzanine which is 2,8 meters from floor and 2,2 meters from upper level/ceiling (Figure 21).The window placement is important to anticipate where the mezzanine is installed in order to provide good air circulation.If the mezzanine is added inside the bedroom, the window will be placed at the upper bench of mezzanine (Figure 22)

CONCLUSION
Bedroom is the smallest environment for students' activities.However, bedrooms in type B non-affiliated organization pesantren have insufficient facilities and high density of occupant.Thus, the student does adaptation to survive in pesantren.Most of bedroom standard in theory cannot be found in this pesantren.Therefore, the typology is derived from observation result in six pesantrens.
The typology in aspect of furniture and students' belonging is found based on placement of furniture and students' belongings and interior arrangement.In placement of furniture and students' belonging, there are (a) type a, all students' belongings are located in bedroom; and (b) type b, students' belonging that is dirty, wet and unclean is located outside bedroom.There are two type of interior arrangement, among them (a) type 1/ there is a physical limit between clean and dirty room; and (b) type 2/ there is not a physical limit.
The typology of bedroom size is found five type, it is very small, small, medium, large and extra-large.The aspect of bedroom area per person in the bedroom found the minimum type and below the minimum type.The number of occupants is found The results of the preference show that students have a high preference for the aspect of the position of students' belonging placed in the bedroom, bedroom area per student (10m²), and the type of similar members of bedroom.There are two aspects that affect student chooses preference, among others physiological and psychological aspect.Physiological aspect is thermal and visual comfort, while psychological aspect is motivation, security, privacy, personal space, territory, crowding and density.In relation to the conditions in the PPSD, aspect that has the highest suitability is the placement of students' belonging in the bedroom and similar with bedroom members.The bedroom size, bedroom area per person, and the number of occupants have a low level of conformity.Adaptations encountered in student's bedroom are adaptations by reaction, by adjustment, and by withdrawal.
Based on the issues above then the concept offered is the formulation concept of bedroom size and the new concept in the form of mezzanine bedroom.The formulation concept is done by formulating the minimum area per person first that is 2.8 m².The bedroom area per person is done by calculating the student belonging and activity needs.Having known about students' belonging, next is arrangement of students' belonging and furniture that are arranged horizontally (clothes hanger and sleeping area) and vertically (cupboard, mattresses, pillows, suitcase, shoes/ sandals, bath tool, bags and bucket).Typology of bedroom size based on the number of occupants gets five types of them are small, small-medium, medium, large, and extra-large bedroom.To fulfil the student preference then can use the mezzanine concept.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The Use Space of Furniture Source: Chiara and Callender, 1987

Figure 10 .Figure 11 .
Figure 10.Location of PPSD Source: Author, 2018 bring more individual stuffs and belongings, yet the regulation is very strict.Consequently, the adaptation effort is done by giving up or doing adjustment on placement of furniture, students' belonging and space arrangement.

Table 1 .
Bedroom Dimension and Number of OccupantsTable1shows that there are several types of bedroom size.For questionnaire, the typology of bedroom size is classified to four classifications; which are small, medium, large, and extra-large bedroom (table2).The following are aspects of the bedroom typology.

Table 2 .
Bedroom Size Typology in Pesantren

Table 3 .
The Summary of Preference and Adaptation Analysis • School level • Grade level • Major • Interest • Mixture

Table 4 .
The Student Need of Students' Belonging

. Furniture and Students' Belonging Arrangement After
determining the area per person of bedroom, this calculation is not directly used to calculate the bedroom dimension.The reason is the bedroom dimension must consider the students' belongings which are placed and arranged communally.

Table 5 .
The Bedroom Dimension Formulation Based on the Number of Occupants

Table 6 .
Bedroom Size Typology