APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOMODELER IN PORT AU PRINCE, HAITI

Innovation and technology is increasingly considered the bedrock of an innovative and smart society and its consequent settlement. Habitat II, held in Istanbul, Turkey in 1996, endorsed important changes in the approach to human settlements, acknowledging the need for guiding urbanization, rather than preventing it. In all 171 governments adopted the agenda and the need to equitably spread the benefits of economic growth, and to fulfill basic housing and employment requirements. Translating these goals into quantitative, measurable targets has seemingly been problematic for engineers and architects and moreover, the application of technology as part of any innovative and smart settlement has been elusive. This paper looks at application of one innovative technology that has only developed recently using photographs to produce 3D drawings of the photographed area. It looks at several areas of application in post disaster reconstruction in Port au Prince Haiti from the January 12 2010 earthquake. While the method is not especially site specific, its application in such a devastated context would suggest portability to other settlement disaster and non disaster in both. The key conclusion from this design based research is the need for quality as an integral part of any post disaster reconstruction program but also as part of any sustainable, innovative smart settlement.


INTRODUCTION
Habitat II, held in Istanbul, Turkey in 1996, endorsed important changes in the approach to human settlements by acknowledging the need for guiding urbanization, rather than preventing it.In all 171 governments adopted the Agenda and the need to equitably spread the benefits of economic growth, and to fulfill basic housing and employment requirements.There was sense of hope for the future."This Conference in Istanbul marks a new era of cooperation, an era of a culture of solidarity.As we move into the twenty-first century, we offer a positive vision of sustainable human settlements, a sense of hope for our common future and an exhortation to join a truly worthwhile and engaging challenge, that of building together a world where everyone can live in a safe home with the promise of a decent life of dignity, good health, safety, happiness and hope" (General Assembly resolutions, 1996).
The details of the vision were stated in the 14 Agenda items but quantitatively translating these goals into measurable criteria has seemingly been problematic for engineers and architects preventing any application of technology.This has resulted in any innovative and smart settlement as being "elusive".This can be seen in the various attempts in the literatures review (Table 1).
For example, the first Agenda item of "Adequate Shelter and Sustainable Human Settlement" has 6 components but only "safer" appears to have any quantitative measures against which technology can be applied.Namely, in the form of codes, details, construction practices and materials.However, "healthier" while being able to show casual links does not go much beyond that and "more livable" does not appear to be linear in that doubling the floor area does not necessarily double adequacy or sustainability."Equitable" remains seemingly relative while the inter-generational aspect of "sustainable" gives it an unoperational time frame.Finally "productive" usually through land use management seems to ignore where settlements are and that such changes are by their nature slow.This seems to be repeated through the other 13 items and hence the elusive characterization above.This could be why technology has not been readily applied to the Habitat II Agenda and suggests that the role of technology remains as a "loose" fit at best and not the "bedrock" mentioned earlier.
This paper looks at one certain technology in photogrammetry and provides 3 case studies and one verification study of how it can be used directly (and indirectly) to achieve an innovative smart settlement that supports local economy.

Background
Photogrammetry is the technology to convert a 2D photograph into a 3D image and has been defined by the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) as the "art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through processes of recording, measuring and interpreting photographic images and patterns of recorded radiant electromagnetic energy and other phenomena" (ISPRS, 2012) Hence, the challenge posed by this paper is how could such technology (despite the elusiveness suggested by the Appendix 1 tabulation) nonetheless be used to address the Agenda items of Habitat II and contribute to "an innovative and smart settlement that enables local economy"?

Literatures Review
The literatures review of the Habitat II Agendas and the result of remained problematic in quantitative interpretations are presented in Table 1.In recent decades, two categories for building related to health outcomes have been proposed on the basis of strength and causality of the various observed health effects: • Building Related Illness (BRI) • Sick Building Syndrome (SBS).
Still, these two categories are insufficient to cover the relationship between housing and health (Bonnefoy, X. (2007).

c. more livable usually floor area
The technical evaluation of the regional growth strategy in livable human settlement with criteria of: region character, community's identity are measured by the amount of compactness with number of hectares of land in centres.This means that higher is better (Technical Evaluation Regional Growth Strategy, 2000).

d. equitable remained problematic
The social security of urban-rural is and important part of development in human settlement, therefore it is suggested that people are first priority of the development and improvement of their livelihood (Zengcheng Municipal Government, 2010).• Heritage conservation allows a community to retain and convey a sense of its unique history.
• A coordinated approach to heritage planning can take advantage of partnership opportunities with senior levels of government, and engage the private and volunteer sectors.
• Heritage initiatives have a strong positive impact on developing socially-sustainable communities and creating a vibrant culture of creativity and innovation.
• The preservation of historical sites supports tourism development and education.
Most of historical conservations are often linked to the tourism initiatives.Many regional examples show the success of this approach, even there is a growing research evidence that cultural and heritage based tourism is now becoming the fastest growing segment of the growing tourism industry.
The other benefits of strong heritage policies include creating distinctive neighbourhoods, preserving cultural heritage, providing community identity and pride and even combating social issues by engaging youth in the history and identity of their community.
The restoration and preservation of heritage buildings can be marketed as a tool to create positive economic development and cultural sustainability (Luxton, Donald & Associates incc., 2008)

Case Studies in Port Au Prince, Haiti
Three case studies and one verification study were undertaken as part of a post disaster reconstruction programme in Port au Prince, Haiti.The post disaster context of these studies is perhaps not so relevant as opposed to their ability to provide a platform for innovative, smart settlements that can be used to impact on the local economy.This seems to follow the holistic nature of such complex systems in that no one technology could be expected to directly or immediately impact fully in this way.
PhotoModeler Scanner requires only 1 photograph but further ones will increase the positional accuracy.In practice a minimum of 3-4 photographs were found to be necessary to produce a usable 3D perspective.Further images depending on the situation would benefit with additional photographs.For example, a narrow linear ravine seemed to require more photographs than a wide plaza area.Thus, the first study was to check the accuracy of the process against direct measurement.We took 4 overlapped photographs of a container building, modelled it and checked its actual dimensions against what PhotoModeler calculated.
Input photographs:     From table 1 above it can be seen that the accuracy varied from -6.4 mm to +6.2 mm.Nonetheless, this was well within acceptable construction tolerances at least for the larger dimensions and a variation of 5.8 mm on 210 mm though larger in terms of percentages was still workable.On the other hand one did need to be aware of any cumulative errors generated by partial measurements rather than overall ones.It was nonetheless, encouraging as it seemed to suggest that we could firstly efficiently and effectively measure and secondly that these measurements would be sufficiently "accurate".This seemed to offer other indirect benefits to the communities in Port au Prince.
The ongoing studies and then seem to be divided into three different main topics: 1. Damaged condition building PhotoModeler scanner is good in creating 3D of damaged building which is very important for disaster area like in Haiti.This has advantages of ease of access for site inspection say of houses to be retrofitted or construction of a new building as in this particular case.Here two of one which had partially collapsed.15 photographs were used to produce the 3D perspective.
Input photographs:  Note that from these figures we can learn the damage composition of the building.We also can measure the size of the damage to calculate the estimation 68% 32% 45% 55% Damage Good on retrofitting process as shown in Figure 6 for damage ratio.In a similar way it reduced dependency on "sorting it out on site".
2. Wide area construction (for monitoring ongoing project) PhotoModeler Scanner can be used for wide area construction, the only problem that it would need more photographs to be taken from the site to construct a 3D of an area.For the sample, we used British Red Cross (BRC) pavement and canal area in Delmas 19.It generated work that could be done by the Community Based Organisations (CBO) to help understanding whether their work has a good quality in term of accuracy and sense of space.For example paving steps and alleyways and ravine work, these in turn opened up other possibilities such as always along the ravine work, better and easier access for transporting water (usually carried in from nearby water kiosks).
Input photographs:   point cloud from the object and create 3D based on the points.For this case, we want to create a 3D of one part of Ravine Salem by generating 5 photographs from the site.For bigger area would need more photographs.
Input photographs:  Note that its accuracy allowed work off to be completed off site and more efficient construction with reduced waste of material and effort.This is very useful for humanitarian projects especially for WATSAN (Water and Sanitation) and another projects work with more terrains like in Haiti.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Input Photographs for Container Source: author's documentation

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Accuracy for Container Source: author's documentation

Figure 6 .Figure 7 .
Figure 6.Damage Study for Broken Tents through Sections Source: author's documentation and analysis

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Monitoring Study for CBO's Project in Delmas 19, PAP-Haiti From Left to right: a) Design Plan, b) Plan from PhotoModeler Scanner, c) Comparison Study Source: author's analysisNote that from the sample we can measure the accuracy of the ongoing project by comparing the design on paper with the design realization in the site.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Input Photograph in Ravine Salem Project Source: author's documentation

Figure 12 .
Figure 12. 3D Result of Creating Terrain in Ravine Salem Project Source: author's documentation .

Table 1 .
Literatures Review These world cities are places and supposed to be the space where good practice of anti-racism for social cohesion, insclusive citizenship, prosperity in economic and cultural advancement can be shared by other cities around the world(UNESCO, 2006).

Table 2 .
Accuracy Study