Synthesis and Characterization Magnetic Activated Carbon Derived from Coconut Shell for Pb(II) and Cd(II) Adsorption from Wastewater

Sri Rachmania Juliastuti, Amanizar Aji Gumilang

Abstract


Activated carbon derived from coconut shell is a low cost adsorbent for heavy-metal removal. However, recovery of spent carbon from treated water remains challenging. This study developed a magnetically separable activated carbon magnetite composite (M-CSAC) and evaluated its adsorption toward Pb(II) and Cd(II). Coconut shell activated carbon (CSAC) was produced by Na₂CO₃ chemical activation and modified by mechanochemical incorporation of Fe3O4 through ball milling. SEM–EDX confirmed morphology refinement and successful Fe loading (11 wt.%), while increased surface oxygen indicated Fe–O-rich domains. N₂ adsorption–desorption showed that the specific surface area decreased from 356.04 m2/g to 319.35 m2/g. In contrast, total pore volume increased from 0.256 cm3/g to 0.3166 cm3/g and the average pore diameter widened from 2.88 nm to 3.97 nm, consistent with mesopore development. XRD reflections at 2θ = 30.24°, 35.40°, 43.18°, 57.00°, and 62.50° matched magnetite (Fe3O4). Lattice-parameter fitting (a = 8.3837 Å) supported phase stability without detectable γ-Fe2O3. In batch tests (C0 = 50 mg L⁻¹, V = 100 ml, m = 0.5 g), M-CSAC achieved removals of 99.58% for Pb(II) and 96.44% for Cd(II), with Qe values of 9.958 mg/g and 9.644 mg/g, respectively. Overall, M-CSAC combines high adsorption efficiency with practical magnetic separability for water

 


Keywords


Activated carbon; Ball milling; Cadmium(II); Lead(II); Magnetite

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References


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12962%2Fj2964710X.v6i2.23422

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