Leading Edge Modification of NACA 0015 and NACA 4415 Inspired by Beluga Whale

James Julian; Waridho Iskandar; Fitri Wahyuni

doi:10.12962/j25481479.v8i2.16432

Leading Edge Modification of NACA 0015 and NACA 4415 Inspired by Beluga Whale

James Julian, Waridho Iskandar, Fitri Wahyuni

Abstract

This research modifies the leading-edge structure of NACA 0015 and NACA 4415 to resemble the nose of a beluga whale. The focus of this modification is to improve the airfoil's aerodynamic performance and investigate the changing fluid flow patterns. Numerical equation used is RANS combined with the k-ε turbulence model. Mesh independence test shows that mesh with 200 elements is the best mesh. Validation results reveal that CFD data can follow the trend of experimental data, especially on the AoA before the stall. There was a significant increase in Cl from NACA 0015 and NACA 4415 at AoA>9°. On the other hand, the modification also had a positive effect by lowering the Cd value. The modification also provides an advantage by increasing the maximum Cl/Cd value. Furthermore, the separation point data shows that the modification can delay the separation of the fluid flow in the airfoil. Modifications can cause an increase in pressure on the lower side and a decrease in pressure on the upper side. Through velocity contours and streamlines, the modifications can reduce the recirculation area. Overall, modifying the leading edge has positive impacts on the NACA 0015 and NACA 4415 airfoils.

Keywords

beluga whale; efficiency; Modification; NACA 0015; NACA 4415

Full Text:

PDF

References

S. E. James, A. Suryan, J. J. Sebastian, A. Mohan, and H. D. Kim, “Comparative study of boundary layer control around an ordinary airfoil and a high lift airfoil with secondary blowing,” Comput Fluids, vol. 164, pp. 50–63, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2017.03.012.

Harinaldi, M. D. Kesuma, R. Irwansyah, J. Julian, and A. Satyadharma, “Flow control with multi-DBD plasma actuator on a delta wing,” Evergreen, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 602–608, 2020, doi: 10.5109/4150513.

Z. Mohamed-Kassim and A. Filippone, “Fuel savings on a heavy vehicle via aerodynamic drag reduction,” Transp Res D Transp Environ, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 275–284, 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2010.02.010.

B., . H., E. A. Kosasih, R. F. Karim, and J. Julian, “Drag reduction by combination of flow control using inlet disturbance body and plasma actuator on cylinder model,” Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 4503–4511, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.15282/jmes.13.1.2019.12.0382.

W. Tomasz, K. Jaroslaw, and M. Magda, “Influence of the use of electric drive in a glider on its aerodynamic parameters on the example of GP-15 glider,” in NTinAD 2020 - New Trends in Aviation Development 2020 - 15th International Scientific Conference, Proceedings, Sep. 2020, pp. 254–258. doi: 10.1109/NTAD51447.2020.9379086.

J. P. R. Suárez, D. V. Castillo, and E. F. Solano, “Experimental and CFD Study of a Centrifugal Fan Performance Under ANSI/AMCA Standard,” International Journal on Engineering Applications (IREA), vol. 9, no. 6, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://www.praiseworthyprize.org/jsm/index.php?journal=irea&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=25247

J. Julian, Harinaldi, Budiarso, C.-C. Wang, and M.-J. Chern, “Effect of plasma actuator in boundary layer on flat plate model with turbulent promoter,” Proc Inst Mech Eng G J Aerosp Eng, vol. 232, no. 16, pp. 3001–3010, 2018, doi: 10.1177/0954410017727301.

N. Beck, T. Landa, A. Seitz, L. Boermans, Y. Liu, and R. Radespiel, “Drag Reduction by Laminar Flow Control,” Energies (Basel), vol. 11, no. 1, 2018, doi: 10.3390/en11010252.

Harinaldi, Budiarso, J. Julian, and M. N. Rabbani, “The effect of plasma actuator on the depreciation of the aerodynamic drag on box model,” in AIP Conference Proceedings, Jun. 2016, vol. 1737. doi: 10.1063/1.4949292.

K. Arabacı and S. Pakdemirli, “Aerodynamically Efficient Bus Designs Inspired by Beluga Whales,” 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333310693

H. Chowdhury, R. Islam, M. Hussein, M. Zaid, B. Loganathan, and F. Alam, “Design of an energy efficient car by biomimicry of a boxfish,” in Energy Procedia, 2019, vol. 160, pp. 40–44. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.116.

A. Altaf, A. A. Omar, and W. Asrar, “Passive drag reduction of square back road vehicles,” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 134, pp. 30–43, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2014.08.006.

S. Peng, X. Liu, Z. Li, and F. Jiang, “Application of Bionics of Tiger Beetle to Aerodynamic Optimization of MIRA Fastback Model,” DEStech Transactions on Computer Science and Engineering, 2018.

S. Sudhakar and N. Karthikeyan, “Flow Separation Control on a NACA-4415 Airfoil at Low Reynolds Number,” in Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 2021, pp. 323–334. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-5183-3_35.

I. H. Abbott and A. E. von Doenhoff, “THEORY OF WING SECTIONS Including a Summary of Airfoil Data.”

J. Julian, W. Iskandar, and F. Wahyuni, “Effect of Single Slat and Double Slat on Aerodynamic Performance of NACA 4415,” 2022.

F. Deng, C. Xue, and N. Qin, “Parameterizing Airfoil Shape Using Aerodynamic Performance Parameters,” AIAA Journal, vol. 0, no. 0, pp. 1–14, doi: 10.2514/1.J061464.

M. A. Raj Mohamed, U. Guven, and R. Yadav, “Flow separation control of NACA-2412 airfoil with bio-inspired nose,” Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 91, no. 7, pp. 1058–1066, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1108/AEAT-06-2018-0175.

E. Espinel, J. Rojas, and E. F. Solano, “Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of NACA 0012 Airfoil Performance with OpenFOAM®,” International Review of Aerospace Engineering (IREASE), vol. 14, no. 4, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://praiseworthyprize.org/jsm/index.php?journal=irease&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=24909

J. Julian, W. Iskandar, F. Wahyuni, and F. Ferdyanto, “COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS ANALYSIS BASED ON THE FLUID FLOW SEPARATION POINT ON THE UPPER SIDE OF THE NACA 0015 AIRFOIL WITH THE COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION,” Media Mesin: Majalah Teknik Mesin, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 70–82, 2022.

Harinaldi, A. S. Wibowo, J. Julian, and Budiarso, “The comparison of an analytical, experimental, and simulation approach for the average induced velocity of a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD),” AIP Conf Proc, vol. 2062, no. 1, p. 20027, 2019, doi: 10.1063/1.5086574.

A. Seeni and P. Rajendran, “Numerical Validation of NACA 0009 Airfoil in Ultra-Low Reynolds Number Flows,” International Review of Aerospace Engineering (IREASE), vol. 12, no. 2, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://www.praiseworthyprize.org/jsm/index.php?journal=irease&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=22925

W. Iskandar, J. Julian, F. Wahyuni, F. Ferdyanto, H. K. Prabu, and F. Yulia, “Study of Airfoil Characteristics on NACA 4415 with Reynolds Number Variations,” International Review on Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS), vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 162–171, Jun. 2022.

S. M. A. Aftab, A. S. M. Rafie, N. A. Razak, and K. A. Ahmad, “Turbulence model selection for low reynolds number flows,” PLoS One, vol. 11, no. 4, Apr. 2016, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153755.

F. Marchetto and E. Benini, “Numerical Simulation of Harmonic Pitching Supercritical Airfoils Equipped with Movable Gurney Flaps,” International Review of Aerospace Engineering (IREASE), vol. 12, no. 3, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://www.praiseworthyprize.org/jsm/index.php?journal=irease&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=23336

J. Julian, W. Iskandar, F. Wahyuni, and N. T. Bunga, “Characterization of the Co-Flow Jet Effect as One of the Flow Control Devices,” Jurnal Asiimetrik: Jurnal Ilmiah Rekayasa & Inovasi, pp. 185–192, 2022.

J. Julian, W. Iskandar, F. Wahyuni, and dan Nely Toding Bunga, “Aerodynamic Performance Improvement on NACA 4415 Airfoil by Using Cavity,” vol. 5, pp. 135–142, 2023.

J. Julian, W. Iskandar, and F. Wahyuni, “Aerodynamics Improvement of NACA 0015 by Using Co-Flow Jet,” International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research, vol. 7, no. 4, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.12962/j25481479.v7i4.14898.

P. J. Boache, “Perspective: A Method for Uniform Reporting of Grid Refinement Studies,” 1994. [Online]. Available: http://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/

P. Kekina and C. Suvanjumrat, “A Comparative Study on Turbulence Models for Simulation of Flow Past NACA 0015 Airfoil Using OpenFOAM.”

E. N. Jacobs and A. Sherman, “Airfoil section characteristics as affected by variations of the Reynolds number,” NACA Technical Report, vol. 586, pp. 227–267, 1937.

C.-S. Lee, W. Pang, S. Srigrarom, D.-B. Wang, and F.-B. Hsiao, “CLASSIFICATION OF AIRFOILS BY ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR OF LIFT CURVES AT LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER,” in 24th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, doi: 10.2514/6.2006-3179.

H. Bao, W. Yang, D. Ma, W. Song, and B. Song, “Numerical simulation of flapping airfoil with alula,” International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles, vol. 12, 2020, doi: 10.1177/1756829320977989.

H. Harinaldi, B. Budiarso, F. Megawanto, R. Karim, N. Bunga, and J. Julian, “Flow Separation Delay on NACA 4415 Airfoil Using Plasma Actuator Effect,” International Review of Aerospace Engineering (IREASE), vol. 12, no. 4, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://www.praiseworthyprize.org/jsm/index.php?journal=irease&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=23054

J. Julian, H. Harinaldi, B. Budiarso, R. Difitro, and P. Stefan, “The Effect of Plasma Actuator Placement on Drag Coefficient Reduction of Ahmed Body as an Aerodynamic Model,” International Journal of Technology, vol. 7, no. 2, 2016, [Online]. Available: http://ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id/old/index.php/journal/article/view/2994

F. C. Megawanto, Harinaldi, Budiarso, and J. Julian, “Numerical analysis of plasma actuator for drag reduction and lift enhancement on NACA 4415 airfoil,” AIP Conf Proc, vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 50001, 2018, doi: 10.1063/1.5049992.

J. Julian, R. F. Karim, Budiarso, and Harinaldi, “Review: Flow control on a squareback model,” International Review of Aerospace Engineering, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 230–239, 2017, doi: 10.15866/irease.v10i4.12636.

Budiarso, Harinaldi, Karim Riza Farrash, and Julian James, “Drag reduction due to recirculating bubble control using plasma actuator on a squareback model,” MATEC Web Conf., vol. 154, p. 1108, 2018, doi: 10.1051/matecconf/201815401108.

A. Choudhry, M. Arjomandi, and R. Kelso, “A study of long separation bubble on thick airfoils and its consequent effects,” Int J Heat Fluid Flow, vol. 52, pp. 84–96, Apr. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2014.12.001.

V. A. Frolov, “Laminar separation point of flow on surface of symmetrical airfoil,” in AIP Conference Proceedings, Oct. 2016, vol. 1770. doi: 10.1063/1.4963995.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j25481479.v8i2.16432