Fenomena perkembangan bangunan tinggi di Kota Surabaya mengakibatkan perlunya dukungan layanan pemadam kebakaran kota dalam waktu cepat karena karakteristik bangunan tinggi yang membutuhkan waktu evakuasi lebih panjang, akses yang sulit, maupun keamanan struktural bangunan tinggi. Meskipun demikian, faktanya layanan pos pemadam kebakaran saat ini masih belum sepenuhnya menjangkau titik bangunan tinggi (eksisting maupun rencana) dalam waktu tanggap ideal di Kota Surabaya. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengevaluasi layanan pos pemadam kebakaran eksisting dan merekomendasikan lokasi pos baru agar seluruh bangunan tinggi di Kota Surabaya dapat terlayani dalam waktu tanggap ideal. Analisis closest facility berbasis GIS digunakan untuk mengevaluasi layanan pos pemadam eksisting dan analisis location-allocation digunakan untuk merekomendasikan jumlah dan sebaran penambahan pos pemadam kebakaran baru dengan mempertimbangkan hambatan dan kecepatan lalu lintas ideal yang menentukan waktu tempuh menuju ke lokasi kebakaran. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 1.018 bangunan yang masuk dalam jangkauan layanan pos pemadam kebakaran eksisting dengan waktu tanggap ideal, sementara 452 bangunan di luar jangkauan. Oleh sebab itu, dibutuhkan 1 pos baru agar seluruh bangunan tinggi terlayani dengan skenario yang optimal. Hasil penelitian dapat menjadi bahan pertimbangan kebijakan kota untuk memasukkan ketentuan yang lebih komprehensif mengenai kebutuhan fasilitas pemadam kebakaran, mencakup penambahan pos pemadam kebakaran di lokasi-lokasi yang strategis dan padat bangunan tinggi dan dorongan terhadap penambahan unit mobil tangga dan water supply sebagai prasarana kebakaran yang sesuai untuk bangunan tinggi.

Wikipedia, “Daftar bangunan tertinggi di Surabaya,” Wikipedia. Accessed: Sep. 10, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_bangunan_tertinggi_di_Surabaya#cite_note-skyscrapercity.com-25

T. M. Ferreira, “Current Advances on the Assessment and Mitigation of Fire Risk in Buildings and Urban Areas—First Edition,” Fire, vol. 6, no. 12, p. 454, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.3390/fire6120454.

I. D. Septanaya, P. Ariastita, F. Firmansyah, and F. Rizky Ramadhana, “Selecting The Best Route for Aerial Ladder Truck to Speed Up Response Time in High-Rise Buildings Located in Unprotected and High Fire Risk Areas,” Jurnal Penataan Ruang, vol. 16, pp. 110–118, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.12962/j2716179X.v16i2.9916.

S. Salem, Fire Safety Measures and Design of High-rise Buildings. 2014.

L. Hu, J. A. Milke, and B. Merci, “Special Issue on Fire Safety of High-Rise Buildings,” Fire Technol, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 1–3, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1007/s10694-016-0638-7.

DPKP, “Jumlah Kejadian Kebakaran Bangunan 2022,” Surabaya, Jan. 2022.

F. Ramadani, “5 FAKTA Kebakaran Tunjungan Plaza Surabaya hingga Bakar Tulisan SOGO, Sebelumnya Terjadi Pada 2018,” surya.co.id, Apr. 13, 2022.

P. H. Nyimbili and T. Erden, “GIS-based fuzzy multi-criteria approach for optimal site selection of fire stations in Istanbul, Turkey,” Socioecon Plann Sci, vol. 71, p. 100860, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.seps.2020.100860.

T. Erden and M. Z. Coşkun, “Multi-criteria site selection for fire services: the interaction with analytic hierarchy process and geographic information systems,” Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 2127–2134, Oct. 2010, doi: 10.5194/nhess-10-2127-2010.

M. H. Vahidnia, H. Vahidi, M. G. Hassanabad, and M. Shafiei, “A Spatial Decision Support System Based on a Hybrid AHP and TOPSIS Method for Fire Station Site Selection,” Journal of Geovisualization and Spatial Analysis, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 30, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s41651-022-00125-x.

W. Wang, “Site Selection of Fire Stations in Cities Based on Geographic Information System (GIS) and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP),” Ingénierie des systèmes d information, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 619–626, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.18280/isi.240609.

S. Shahparvari, M. Fadaki, and P. Chhetri, “Spatial accessibility of fire stations for enhancing operational response in Melbourne,” Fire Saf J, vol. 117, p. 103149, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103149.

F. Nurzaman, M. Napitupulu, and S. Akbar, “Assessment of Fire Stations Distribution Using Geographic Information System Case Study in Jakarta Pusat,” Jul. 2022.

K. KC, R. Ardianto, and S. Wang, “Examining fire service coverage and potential sites for fire station locations in Kathmandu, Nepal,” Urban Informatics, vol. 3, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1007/s44212-024-00050-y.

ESRI, “Closest facility analysis.” Accessed: Feb. 13, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/latest/extensions/network-analyst/closest-facility.htm

F. Wang and Y. Xu, “Estimating O–D travel time matrix by Google Maps API: implementation, advantages, and implications,” Ann GIS, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 199–209, Dec. 2011, doi: 10.1080/19475683.2011.625977.

P. Macharia et al., “Measuring geographic access to emergency obstetric care: a comparison of travel time estimates modelled using Google Maps Directions API and AccessMod in three Nigerian conurbations,” Geospat Health, vol. 19, p. 1266, May 2024, doi: 10.4081/gh.2024.1266.

J. Haitao, J. Fengjun, H. Qing, Z. He, and Y. Xue, “Measuring Public Transit Accessibility Based On Google Direction API,” The Open Transportation Journal, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 93–108, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.2174/1874447801913010093.

Y. Chen, G. Wu, Y. Chen, and Z. Xia, “Spatial Location Optimization of Fire Stations with Traffic Status and Urban Functional Areas,” Appl Spat Anal Policy, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 771–788, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s12061-023-09502-5.

C. A. Wibowo, “Wawancara dengan Ketua Tim Kerja Operasional Pemadam Kebakaran Kota Surabaya,” Apr. 2024.

Kristin Hazlett, “NFPA 1710 Summary,” 2020. Accessed: Jul. 08, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.iaff.org/wp-content/uploads/English_Version_-_NFPA_1710_standards_DFSR_Summary_2022_new.pdf#:~:text=First%20engine%20arrive%20on%20scene%20%E2%89%A4%20240%20seconds,%E2%89%A4%20610%20sec%20%2810%20minutes%2C%2010%20%E2%80%A2%20seconds%29

D. Liu, Z. Xu, L. Yan, and F. Wang, “Applying Real-Time Travel Times to Estimate Fire Service Coverage Rate for High-Rise Buildings,” Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 19, p. 6632, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.3390/app10196632.

J. A. M. Schreuder, “Application of a location model to fire stations in Rotterdam,” Eur J Oper Res, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 212–219, Feb. 1981, doi: 10.1016/0377-2217(81)90210-1.

D. Richard, H. Beguin, and D. Peeters, “The Location of Fire Stations in a Rural Environment: A Case Study,” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 39–52, Jan. 1990, doi: 10.1068/a220039.

J. A. Tali, D. S, and A. Nusrath, “Location–Allocation Model Applied to Urban Public Services: Spatial Analysis of Fire Stations in Mysore Urban Area Karnataka, India,” Indonesian Journal of Geography, vol. 52, no. 2, p. 201, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.22146/ijg.25365.

S. Bolouri, A. Vafaeinejad, A. Alesheikh, and H. Aghamohammadi, “The Ordered Capacitated Multi-Objective Location-Allocation Problem for Fire Stations Using Spatial Optimization,” ISPRS Int J Geoinf, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 44, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.3390/ijgi7020044.

A. Dey, A. Heger, and D. England, “Urban fire station location planning using predicted demand and service quality index,” Int J Data Sci Anal, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 33–48, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s41060-022-00328-x.

M. Chen, K. Wang, Y. Yuan, and C. Yang, “A POIs Based Method for Location Optimization of Urban Fire Station: A Case Study in Zhengzhou City,” Fire, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 58, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.3390/fire6020058.

ESRI, “ArcGIS Developers: Location-allocation.” Accessed: Dec. 03, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://developers.arcgis.com/documentation/mapping-apis-and-services/routing/location-allocation/

J. Smith, “How Much Does a Fire Station Cost?,” 2024, Firefighter Insider. [Online]. Available: https://firefighterinsider.com/fire-station-cost/