Optimization of Esterification in the Synthesis of Surfactants Feedstock from Polar Lipid Fraction of Crude Palm Oil

Syah Sultan Ali Muzakhar, Gloria Islamy Assidiqie, Albar Sutan Bahari Siregar, Hakun Wirasasista Aparamarta, Fahmi Fahmi, Setiyo Gunawan

Abstract


Surfactants (monoglycerides and diglycerides) can be obtained by converting triglycerides and glycerol with a NaOH as catalyst. A low free fatty acids (FFA) content starting material is needed due to the formation of soap as side product. The aim of this research was to optimize the esterification of (Polar lipid fraction) PLF to eliminate the FFA content with ZnCl2 as catalyst. Optimization was conducted on the variables of duration (ranging from 40 to 80 min) and reaction temperature (210–250°C) using the Response Surface Method with Central Composite Design with starting FFA content of 28.4%. It was found that an FFA content of 0.285% and a yield of 97.25% were achieved at a temperature of 258.3°C and a heating duration of 59.71 min. Moreover, the influence of temperature and heating duration during the esterification reaction on the FFA content was highly significant, as indicated by the P-Value of 0.00000102. Meanwhile, the influence of temperature and heating duration during the esterification reaction on the yield is not significant (P-Value = 0.130).

Keywords


Articles; Chemical Engineering; Crude Palm Oil; Esterification; Optimization; Research

Full Text:

PDF

References


H. W. Aparamarta, T. Saputra, A. Claratika, Y.-H. Ju, and S. Gunawan, “Separation and Purification of Triacylglycerols from Nyamplung ( Calophyllum inophyllum ) Oil by Batchwise Solvent Extraction,” Ind Eng Chem Res, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 3113–3119, Mar. 2016, doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b04877.

R. Ostfeld, D. Howarth, D. Reiner, and P. Krasny, “Peeling back the label—exploring sustainable palm oil ecolabelling and consumption in the United Kingdom,” Environmental Research Letters, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 014001, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/aaf0e4.

M. Hawashi, A. Altway, T. Widjaja, and S. Gunawan, “Optimization of process conditions for tannin content reduction in cassava leaves during solid state fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae,” Heliyon, vol. 5, no. 8, p. e02298, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02298.

P. C. Sadek, The HPLC solvent guide, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 2002.

G. G. Kombe, A. K. Temu, H. M. Rajabu, G. D. Mrema, and K. T. Lee, “Low Temperature Glycerolysis as a High FFA Pre-Treatment Method for Biodiesel Production,” Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, vol. 03, no. 04, pp. 248–254, 2013, doi: 10.4236/aces.2013.34032.

M. P. Dorado, E. Ballesteros, J. A. de Almeida, C. Schellert, H. P. Löhrlein, and R. Krause, “An Alkali–Catalyzed Transesterification Process for High Free Fatty Acid Waste Oils,” Transactions of the ASAE, vol. 45, no. 3, 2002, doi: 10.13031/2013.8849.

P. Jasen and J. M. Marchetti, “Kinetic study of the esterification of free fatty acid and ethanol in the presence of triglycerides using solid resins as catalyst,” International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 325–330, Dec. 2012, doi: 10.1093/ijlct/ctr049.

American Oil Chemists’ Society, AOCS official method Ca 5a-40. Free fatty acids. AOCS, 2009.

M. Mahardika, N. T. Susparini, D. Dewaldo, B. Situmeang, and F. Amin, “Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Cangkang Kapsul Non Gelatin dari Rumput Laut (Eucheumma cottonii) dan Kaktus Koboi (Cereus peruvianus) untuk Sistem Penghantaran Obat,” KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–12, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i1.16098.

A. A.-W. Japir, J. Salimon, D. Derawi, M. Bahadi, and M. R. Yusop, “Separation of free fatty acids from high free fatty acid crude palm oil using short-path distillation,” 2016, p. 030001. doi: 10.1063/1.4966739.

chemspider, “CSID:84281,” http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.84281.html.

chemspider, “CSID:4484303,” http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4484303.html.

chemspider, “CSID:14725149,” http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.14725149.html.

M. E. Beckemeier and P. S. Bora, “Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters: Potentially Toxic Products of Myocardial Ethanol Metabolism,” J Mol Cell Cardiol, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 2487–2494, Nov. 1998, doi: 10.1006/jmcc.1998.0812.

M. P. Penfield, S. Taylor, and A. M. Campbell, Experimental Food Science, 3rd ed. Academic Press, 1990.

C. Medeiros Vicentini-Polette, P. Rodolfo Ramos, C. Bernardo Gonçalves, and A. Lopes De Oliveira, “Determination of free fatty acids in crude vegetable oil samples obtained by high-pressure processes,” Food Chem X, vol. 12, p. 100166, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100166.

N. A. Mostafa, A. Maher, and W. Abdelmoez, “Production of mono-, di-, and triglycerides from waste fatty acids through esterification with glycerol,” Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, vol. 04, no. 09, pp. 900–907, 2013, doi: 10.4236/abb.2013.49118.

M. A. Maquirriain, C. A. Querini, and M. L. Pisarello, “Glycerine esterification with free fatty acids: Homogeneous catalysis,” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, vol. 171, pp. 86–99, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.04.018.

Z.-Z. Cai et al., “A two-step biodiesel production process from waste cooking oil via recycling crude glycerol esterification catalyzed by alkali catalyst,” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 137, pp. 186–193, Sep. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.04.017.

S. H. Yeom and Y. W. Go, “Optimization of a Novel Two-step Process Comprising Re-esterification and Transesterification in a Single Reactor for Biodiesel Production Using Waste Cooking Oil,” Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 432–441, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.1007/s12257-018-0209-5.

Z. Khan et al., “Current developments in esterification reaction: A review on process and parameters,” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 103, pp. 80–101, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.07.018.

M. A. Päsha and A. Nizam, “Zinc Chloride–Catalyzed Expeditious Route to Nitriles,” SynthCommun, vol. 40, no. 9, pp. 1276–1279, Apr. 2010, doi: 10.1080/00397910903069657.

P. Felizardo, J. Machado, D. Vergueiro, M. J. N. Correia, J. P. Gomes, and J. M. Bordado, “Study on the glycerolysis reaction of high free fatty acid oils for use as biodiesel feedstock,” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 92, no. 6, pp. 1225–1229, Jun. 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.01.020.

S. Zhao, W. Li, and L. Gu, “Biomechanical prediction of abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture risk: Sensitivity analysis,” J Biomed Sci Eng, vol. 05, no. 11, pp. 664–671, 2012, doi: 10.4236/jbise.2012.511083.

R. U. Owolabi, M. A. Usman, and A. J. Kehinde, “Modelling and optimization of process variables for the solution polymerization of styrene using response surface methodology,” Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 22–30, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jksues.2015.12.005.

E. Lolang, “Hipotesis Nol dan Hipotesis Alternatif,” Jurnal Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 685–695, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.47178/jkip.v3i3.99.

R. T. Silvestrini, D. C. Montgomery, and B. Jones, “Comparing Computer Experiments for the Gaussian Process Model Using Integrated Prediction Variance,” Qual Eng, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 164–174, Apr. 2013, doi: 10.1080/08982112.2012.758284.

A. Koocheki, A. R. Taherian, S. M. A. Razavi, and A. Bostan, “Response surface methodology for optimization of extraction yield, viscosity, hue and emulsion stability of mucilage extracted from Lepidium perfoliatum seeds,” Food Hydrocoll, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 2369–2379, Dec. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2009.06.014.

H. Le Man, S. K. Behera, and H. S. Park, “Optimization of operational parameters for ethanol production from Korean food waste leachate,” International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 157–164, Dec. 2010, doi: 10.1007/BF03326127.

A. Rai, B. Mohanty, and R. Bhargava, “Supercritical extraction of sunflower oil: A central composite design for extraction variables,” Food Chem, vol. 192, pp. 647–659, Feb. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.070.

Minitab, “ Residual plots for Fit Regression Model,” https://support.minitab.com/en-us/minitab/21/help-and-how-to/statistical-modeling/regression/how-to/fit-regression-model/interpret-the-results/all-statistics-and-graphs/residual-plots/#histogram-of-residuals.

D. C. Montgomery, Design and Analysis of Experiments, 8th ed. Arizona: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013.

P. G. Mathews, Design of Experiments with MINITAB, 1st ed. William A. Tony, 2004.

The Pennsylvania State University, “Residuals vs. Fits Plot,” https://online.stat.psu.edu/stat462/node/117/.

J. Lawson, Design and Analysis of Experiments with R. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2014. doi: 10.1201/b17883.

Minitab, “Residual plots for Fit Regression Model,” https://support.minitab.com/en-us/minitab/21/help-and-how-to/statistical-modeling/regression/how-to/fit-regression-model/interpret-the-results/all-statistics-and-graphs/residual-plots/#histogram-of-residuals.

S. Ahirwar, H. Soni, H. K. Rawat, B. P. Prajapati, and N. Kango, “Experimental design of response surface methodology used for utilisation of palm kernel cake as solid substrate for optimised production of fungal mannanase,” Mycology, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 143–153, Jul. 2016, doi: 10.1080/21501203.2016.1229697.

R. V. Muralidhar, R. R. Chirumamila, R. Marchant, and P. Nigam, “A response surface approach for the comparison of lipase production by Candida cylindracea using two different carbon sources,” Biochem Eng J, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 17–23, Nov. 2001, doi: 10.1016/S1369-703X(01)00117-6.

S. Angel, F. Disslbacher, S. Humer, and M. Schnetzer, “What did you Really Earn Last Year?: Explaining Measurement Error in Survey Income Data,” J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc, vol. 182, no. 4, pp. 1411–1437, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1111/rssa.12463.

W. C. Eells, “A Plea for a Standard Definition of the Standard Deviation,” J Educ Res, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 45–52, Jan. 1926, doi: 10.1080/00220671.1926.10879621.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j2964710X.v4i1.19220

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
Journal of Fundamentals and Applications of Chemical Engineering (JFAChE) by Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at https://iptek.its.ac.id/index.php/jts.